Theories of Development

Nota:

• Interrelated Domains: 1.Physical- 2.Cognitive 3.Socioemotional Subsume topics: Nature vs. Nurture

1. Classical Conditioning Theory
   1. Pavlov

      Nota:

      • Experimental Study of Salivation. Dog training with bell and food. Reflex Study in correspondence with humans teaching.
   2. John B. Watson

      Nota:

      • Theory based on our fears and Emotional response. Believed Parental influence on infantry. Experiment with child and favored rat
      1. Behavioral Learning Theory/ Behaviorism
         1. Thorndike
            1. Law of Effect

               Nota:

               • Actions will be repeated if the outcome is a good effect
         2. B.F. Skinner

            Nota:

            • Expanded Thorndike ideas with reinforcements.
            1. Positive and Negative Reinforcement

               Nota:

               • Positive action and negative action will correspond and effect resulted outcome actions
2. Psychodynamic Theory
   1. Sigmund Freud
      1. Theory of Mind

         Nota:

         • Consciousness is the tip of our mental capacity and seeps into our unconscious; unobtainable or excepted in realty/society.
      2. Theory of Self

         Nota:

         • 3 Main Self Principles: 1. ID- Pleasure Principle 2. Ego- Reality Principle/ Defense Mechanism   3. Super Ego- Rules, Standards & Values of Society
      3. Psychosexual Stages

         Nota:

         • 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage 4. Genital Stage
   2. Erikson
      1. Psychosocial Theory

         Nota:

         • The Ego Rules 1-8 Psychosocial Stages: 1. Trust v. Mistrust (0-1 yr) 2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (1-2 yrs) 3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-5 yrs) 4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-11 yrs) 5. Identity v. Role Confusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy v. Isolation (Young Adulthood) 7. Generativity v. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) 8. Integrity v. Despair (Late Adulthood)
3. Social Learning Theory
   1. Albert Bandura
      1. Parents socialize kids or Kids Socialize Parents

         Nota:

         • Reciprocal Determinism. Experiment with Kids Influence.  Visualization of effect and re-enactment of commercials seen.
4. Cognitive Theory
   1. Lev Vygotsky

      Nota:

      • Differs from Piaget ideaology. Believes  human are born with set abilities and potential to expand to more abilities through guidance.
      1. Sociocultural Theory

         Nota:

         • Influence of culture and environmental on cognitive abilities and unlocking potential abilities.
   2. Piaget

      Nota:

      • Child's ability to think and reason. Child intellectual change over time due to maturity and not training. Different ages bring different intellectual levels
      1. Cognitive Equilibrium

         Nota:

         • 1. Schema 2. Assimilation  3. Accommodation 
         1. 4 Stages of Cognitive Development

            Nota:

            • 1. Sensorimotor intelligence  2. Preoperational Stage 3. Concrete Operational Stage 4. Formal operational Stage
5. Stages of Development

   Nota:

   • 1. Prenatal Development 2. Infant and Toddlerhood 3. Early Childhood 4. Middle Childhood 5. Adolescence 6. Early Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood 8. Late Adulthood 9. Dying and Death