Immunology I

Nota:

• of or relating to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth.

1. confers immunological competence on T-cells
2. most stored in inactive state
   1. as small lymphocytes

1. become activated/sensitized cells
   1. 1. increase size
      1. 2. divides mitotically
         1. 3. form clone of cells
            1. 4. produce variety of specialised cells (T-cell subsets)
               1. Cytotoxic T-cells
                  1. combine with surface antigens releasing Cytokines
                     1. e.g. perforine-1
                        1. membrane pores
                           1. i.e destroy infected cells
               2. Helper T-cells
                  1. release interleukins --> infection site
                     1. attract macrophages
                     2. make other lymphocytes competent to help
               3. memory cells
                  1. cause rapid second response

                     Nota:

                     • the first response take from 3-14 days
                  2. bearing receptors to the antigen
                     1. pathogens destroyed before it can get established
                        1. e.g. Measles & chickenpox
                     2. cold/influenza viruses change their surface antigens
               4. suppressor T-cells
               5. 5. T-cells leave lymph nodes to infection site

1. help activate T-cells

1. break down surface antigens

1. defensins
2. mucin
3. lysosome

1. cause pores in PM of target cells
   1. PM= Plasma Membrane
2. Granzymes then activate a cascade of reactions
   1. cause apoptosis

1. cause Oedema

1. releasing endogenous pyrogens
   1. interleukin-1
   2. prostaglandins
   3. reset body's thermostat in the hypothalamus to higher (T)
      1. produce fever or pyrexia
         1. effects directly bacterial metabolism

1. 2. transform into macrophages
   1. phagocytose 〰100 bacteria before dying!

1. dead neutrophils formed pus