Modals & semi-modals 3

Adjunto:

• modals 3

1. Absence of necessity
   1. Past
      1. didn't have to / didn't need to + base
         1. 1. I didn't have to /need to pick up the kids from school.. 2. You needn't have gone out .

            Nota:

            • it wasn't necessary 
   2. Present / Future
      1. don't have to / don't need to / needn't + base
         1. 1. You don't have to call us again. 2. He doesn't need to send his CV again. . 3. You needn't worry. Everything is under control.

            Nota:

            • It's not necessary 
2. necessity
   1. Present / Future
      1. need to + base

         Nota:

         • need can be main verb or modal. for example: 1. I need to go out . ( main ) 2. Need you go out ? ( modal ) 3. He needn't go out. ( modal )
         1. I need to know how many people will be there .
   2. Past
      1. needed to + base
         1. We needed to buy some more bread , so we went to the supermarket .
3. Obligation

   Adjunto:

   • Obligation
   1. present/future
      1. personal

         Nota:

         • from myself
         1. must+ base
            1. I must finish this by tonight .

               Nota:

               • I say so
      2. external

         Nota:

         • from others
         1. have/ has to + base
            1. You have to drive on the left when you are in England.

               Nota:

               • It's the law
   2. past
      1. had to + base
         1. When I was at school , I had to wake up at 7 o'clock every morning.
4. Prohibition
   1. Present / Future
      1. mustn't + base
         1. You mustn't park here .

            Nota:

            • You are not allowed
5. Advice

   Adjunto:

   • had better
   1. Present / Future
      1. +
         1. had better + base

            Nota:

            • threat or warning  stronger than should  'd better ( short form )
            1. You'd better ask a doctor about it .
      2. -
         1. had better not + base
            1. You'd better not talk to strangers .
6. Preference

   Adjunto:

   • preference
   1. Present/ Future
      1. +
         1. would rather + base

            Nota:

            • usually followed by ( than ) 'd rather ( short form )
            1. I'd rather stay at home than go to the park .
      2. -
         1. would rather not + base
            1. She'd rather not have coffee.
7. Possibility
   1. Present / Future
      1. +
         1. could /may / might + base
            1. He could /may /might be at home now.
      2. -
         1. may/ might not + base
            1. We may / might not go to the bank today.
8. Deductions

   Adjunto:

   • deduction
   1. Present /Future
      1. certainty

         Nota:

         • something is true sure
         1. must + base

            Nota:

            • same form as personal obligation 
            1. My parents must be at work now.
      2. Impossiblility

         Nota:

         • I believe it's impossible 
         1. can't + base
            1. You can't be serious .