Chapter 8: Language & Thought

Descripción

104 Psychology Mapa Mental sobre Chapter 8: Language & Thought, creado por Troy Cardinal el 14/11/2015.
Troy Cardinal
Mapa Mental por Troy Cardinal, actualizado hace más de 1 año
Troy Cardinal
Creado por Troy Cardinal hace alrededor de 9 años
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 (0)

Resumen del Recurso

Chapter 8: Language & Thought
  1. LANGUAGE: TURNING THOUGHTS INTO WORDS
    1. Language consists of symbols that convey meanging, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messeges
      1. Phonemes are the smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually
        1. Morphemes are the smallest units of MEANING in a language
          1. Semantics is the area of language concerned wth UNDERSTANDING the meaning of words and word cominations
            1. Syntax is a system of rules that specify HOW wards can be ARRANGED into sentences
        2. FAST MAPPING is the proccess by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
          1. OVEREXTENSION occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to DESCRIBE a wider set of OBJECTS or ACTIONS than it is meant to.
            1. UNDEREXTENSIONS occur when a child incorrectly uses a words to DESCRIBE a NARROW set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
              1. TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are omitted.
                1. OVERREULATION occurs when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply
                  1. METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS is the ability to reflect on the use of language
                    1. BILINGUALISM is the aquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocaublary, and grammatical rules
          2. Nativist Theory proposes that humans are equipped with a language acquisiton device (LAD)- and inanimate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of a language
            1. Interactionist Theorist assert that biooogy and experience both make important contributions to the development of language:
              1. Cognitive Theorists assert that language development is simply an important aspect of more general cognitive development-which depends on maturation & experience
                1. Social Communications Theorists emphasize the functional value of interpersonal communication and the social context in which languages evolves
                  1. Emergenitist Theorists argue that the neural circuts supporting language are not prewired but emerge gradually in response to language learning experiences
              2. LLINGUISTIC RELATIVETY, the hypothesis that ones language determines the nature of ones thought
            2. PROBLEM SOLVING: IN SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS & DECISION MAKING: CHOICES AND CHANCES
              1. PROBLEM SOLVING refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
                1. 1. Problems of inducing structure require people to discover the relationshipsamong numbers, words, symbols, or ideas.
                  1. 2. Problems of arrangement require people to arrange the parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion. INSIGHT is the sudden discover of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error
                    1. 3. Problems of transformation require people carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal.
                  2. Irrelevant information can lead people astray
                    1. FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS is the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
                      1. MENTAL SET exists when people persist in using problem solving srategies that have worked in the past
                        1. Effective problem solving requires specifying all the constraints governing a problem without assuming any constraints that dont exist.
                          1. PROBLEM SPACE refers to the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver
                            1. TRIAL & ERROR involves trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works
                              1. ALGORITHM is a methodical, step-by-step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.
                                1. HEURISTIC is a guiding principle or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions
                                  1. formulating SUBGOALS as intermediate steps towards a solution is a strategy as well.
                                    1. Problems with specific end-goals often require working from end to beginning.
                                      1. Searching for ANALOGIES is another of the major heuristics for solving problems
                                        1. INCUBATION EFFECT occurs when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem
                                          1. FIELD DEPENDENCE-INDEPENDENCE refers to individuals tendency to rely primarily on external versus internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space
                  3. DECISION MAKING involves evaluating and making choices among them
                    1. Many decisions involve choices about preferences, which can be made using a variety of strategies.
                      1. EMOTIONS influence decision making
                        1. IF they can avoid it, people prefer to not have to grapple with uncertainty
                          1. Judgments about the quality of various alternatives, such as consumer products, can be swayed by extraneous factors such as brand familiarity and price
                            1. RISKY DECISION MAKING involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty
                              1. AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
                                1. REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
                                  1. CONJUNCTION FALLACY occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either happening alone
                                    1. BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS is a field of study that examines the effects of humans' actual (not idealized) decision-making process on economic decisions
                                      1. THEORY OF BOUNDED RATIONALITY asserts that people tend to use simple strategies in in decision making that focus only on a few facets of available options and often result in "irriational" decisions that are less than optimal.
                  4. COGNITION refers to the mental processes involved in aquiring knowledge
                    Mostrar resumen completo Ocultar resumen completo

                    0 comentarios

                    There are no comments, be the first and leave one below:

                    Similar

                    History of Psychology
                    mia.rigby
                    Psychology A1
                    Ellie Hughes
                    Bowlby's Theory of Attachment
                    Jessica Phillips
                    Psychology subject map
                    Jake Pickup
                    Psychology | Unit 4 | Addiction - Explanations
                    showmestarlight
                    Memory Key words
                    Sammy :P
                    The Biological Approach to Psychology
                    Gabby Wood
                    Chapter 5: Short-term and Working Memory
                    krupa8711
                    Cognitive Psychology - Capacity and encoding
                    T W
                    Nervous Systems and the Brain - Lecture 1
                    Georgina Burchell