Biodiversity Akanksha Ahuja

Nota:

• By: Akanksha Ahuja

1. Eubacteria

   Nota:

   • Characteristics include: simple cells with rigid cell walls and often flagella.
   1. Eubacteria
      1. Cuccos (cocci)

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         • Rounded, spiral like cells
         1. Staphylococcus
      2. Spirillium

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         • spiral or screw shaped cells
         1. Chlamydia trachomatis
      3. Bacillus

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         • Rod shaped cells. 
         1. Morganella morganii
2. Archaea

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   • Characteristics are: Unicellular, and asexual
   1. Archaeabacteria
      1. Methanogens

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         • "They produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions." (Wiki) Found in lakes, low oxygen areas, swamp sediments. 
      2. Extreme Thermopiles

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         • Live in really hot environments. 
      3. Psychrophiles

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         • Capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures.
3. Eukaryotic

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   • characteristics include: cells contain a nucleus, and involves mitosis.
   1. Protista

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      • Live in moist or aquatic environments. Have an extreamly diverse structure. Can reproduce sexually and asexually. 
      1. Animal like

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         • They use a flagella, cilia, or amoeboid to travel.  They also ingest organic carbon.
         1. Amoebas
         2. Sarcodines

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            • Movement by pseudopods. Also known as "False feet."
         3. Ciliates

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            • Move by tiny hairs as they propel  through the water. 
         4. Zooflagellates

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            • Move by beating the flagella. 
         5. Sporozoan

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            • Non motile. Use other organims to travel. 
      2. Fungal like

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         • Secrete digestive enzymes then absorb the nutrients.  They are hetrothrophs. 
         1. Algae
         2. AcellularSlime Molds
         3. Cellular Slime Molds
         4. Water Molds
      3. Plant like

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         • They are photosynthetic.  They get inorganic carbon through photosynthesis. 
         1. Euglenoids
         2. Rhodophyta

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            • Non motile. 
         3. Euglenoids

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            • euglenoid movement.
   2. Fungi

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      • Not photosynthetic. Do not produce their own food.  Unique way of reproduction; not the same way as plants
      1. Ascomycota

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         • Some cause plant diseases.  Some are dangerous to humans. 
         1. yeast
      2. Basidiomycota

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         • Most are decomposers. Some of these make important relationships with plants.  Asexual reproduction: by either budding or asexual spore formation Sexual reproduction: takes place in the fruiting body, in specialized structures called basidia
         1. Puffball
      3. Chytridiomycota

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         • This is the only fungi with swimming spores. Can be single celled or multicellular.  These sperm-like cells require water to reproduce since they are not motile. 
         1. Chordate
      4. Zygomycota

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         • Most are soil fungi. Include the bread and fruit molds. Many are parasites of insectes.  Asexual:  Spores may be formed by the separation and thickening of hyphal cells. They may also be produced in specialized organs, whose structure is also widely varied. Sexual: Spores are produced within the sporangium
         1. Mucor
      5. Deutrosmycota

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         • Fungi that cause disease. 
         1. Athletes foot
   3. Plants

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      • Characteristics: -multicellular -photosynthetic -Contain chlorophyll a and b - Alternation of Generations -develop from embryos – arise from multicellular structures in the maternal tissue – product of sexual fusion
      1. bryophytes

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         • They stand upright and prevent moisture loss to be successful. 
         1. Mosses
         2. mosses
         3. liveworts
         4. Hornets
      2. Seedless Vascular

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         • They have motile sperm making them successful. reproduce with spores.
         1. Ferns
         2. whisk ferns
         3. horsetails
         4. club mosses
         5. Ferns
      3. Gymnosperm

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         • Well adapted to hot summers and cold winters because they have naked seeds. 
         1. Pine Cones
         2. cycads
         3. ginkgo
         4. conifers
         5. gnetophytes
      4. Angiosperms

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         • Secondary Metabolites allow these plants to be successful. 
         1. daises
         2. Angiosperms
            1. Dicots
            2. Monocots
      5. Green algee
         1. Green Algee
   4. Animals

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      • Characteristics of animals are: Heterotrophic, multicellular, diploid, develop from a blastula (expect sponges).
      1. Nematoda

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         • Evolutionary milestone: Body Cavity. Bilaterally symmetrical with a head and a tail Centralized nervous system Three tissue layers No coelom (body cavity) acoelomate, no circulatory system and no hard skeleton
         1. tube worm
      2. Enchindodermata

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         • Evolutionary Milestone: Deuterostome. 
         1. starfish
      3. Chordates

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         • Evolutionary Milestone: Notochord.   orsal nerve cord Notochord Paired gill slits Post-anal tail
         1. Cephalochordates
         2. Vertebrates
            1. gnathostomata

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               • Jawed animals
               1. Mammalia
                  1. marsupials

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                     • live birth very early after fertilization. Supirior to momtremes because the young is mothered 
                     1. Kangaroo
                     2. Marsupilia

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                        • embryonic development completed in marsupial pouch. 
                  2. placentals

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                     • The young of placentals stay in the uterus until they are ready to be born. More supirior to marisupials because they give birth when the young is ready to be exposed to the world. 
                     1. lions
                     2. Carnivora

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                        • sharp pointed canine teeth, and carnivores. 
                  3. monotremes

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                     • lay eggs.
                     1. spiny anteater
                     2. Monotremeta

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                        • suck milk from fur of the mother since they have no nipples.
               2. Reptilia
               3. Aves
            2. agnathans

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               • Jawless fish
               1. Hagfish
               2. Lampreys
         3. Urochordates
      4. Arthropods

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         • Evolutionary Milestone: Jointed Appendages.  Hard exoskeleton made of chitin and protein Possess numerous jointed appendages anda segmented body Must molt to grow
         1. Chelicerate
            1. Merostomata
               1. horseshoe crab
            2. Pycnogonida
               1. sea spider
            3. Arachnida
               1. spider
         2. Uniramia
            1. Chilopoda
               1. centopeed
            2. Diplopoda
               1. malopeed
            3. incects
               1. cockoach
         3. Crustacea
            1. Maxillopoda
               1. Barnacle
            2. Malacostra
               1. lobster
            3. Branchiopoda
               1. Fairy shrimp
      5. Molluscs

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         • Evolutionary Milestone: Coelom. body plan shells foot coelom mantle 
         1. snails
      6. Annelids Segmentation

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         • Evolutionary Milestone: Segmentation.   digestive tract body segmentation coelom closed circulatory system
         1. earthworm
      7. Platyhelminthes

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         • Evolutionary milestone: Bilateral Symmetry.
         1. tapeworms
      8. Cnidaria

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         • Evolutionary milestone: Tissues.  two body forms Free swimming medusa (jellyfish) Stationary polyp (anemone) gastrovascular cavity radial symmetry Nematocysts 2 tissue layers
         1. jellyfish
      9. Porifera

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         • Evolutionary milestone: Multicellular. 
         1. sponges
4. Brown: Domain Blue: Kingdom Light pink: species Groups: Yellow Green: Phylums teal: class S.phylas: orange Purple: order