introduction to attachment

caregiver infant interactions
1. reciprocity
  1. babies and mums spend a lot of time together
    1. mother responds to babies actions - by picking them up
  2. reciprocal when the person responds to the other
  3. babies have an active role
    1. baby and mum initiate interactions
2. basics
  1. babies have social interaction from birth
    1. important for child's development
3. interactional synchrony
  1. the temporal co-ordination of micro level social behaviour
    1. mother & babies actions mirror each other
    2. as young as 2 weeks
    3. important for attachment
      1. Isabella
        studied interactional synchrony and attachment
        high levels of synchrony = stronger attachment
4. feldman
attachment figures
1. parent - infant
  1. Schaffer & Emerson
    1. mother is primary attachment
      1. 7 months
    2. father is secondary attachment
      1. 18 months
2. role of the father
  1. Grossman
    1. looked at both parents behaviour then quality of attachment in the child's teens
    2. quality of attachment with mother was greater than with fathers
    3. however quality of fathers play was important
      1. fathers have a different role
        not nurturing but playing
3. fathers as primary carers
  1. field
    1. if father is the primary caregiver they do nurture more
    2. primary caregiver fathers smile, imitate and hold more
4. with attachments it is the level of responsiveness not the gender
evaluation - caregiver infant reactions
1. hard to observe infants -
  1. hard to be certain what the baby means
    1. we look at hand and facial movements
      1. what if it's just copying the mother
2. controlled observations +
  1. most of these observations are controlled
    1. fine details can be seen and recorded
    2. babies don't know they are being watched so no artificial behaviour
      1. so goo validity
3. observations don't tell use why (purpose) -
  1. synchrony and reciprocity only describe the behaviour
    1. don't know why
    2. however are helpful with the development of attachments
      1. also help: stress responses, empathy, language and moral development
evaluation - attachment figures
1. inconsistent findings -
  1. different researchers look at different things
    1. some as fathers as the primary care giver
    2. some as fathers as the secondary care giver
      1. both find different results which contradicts
2. if fathers have a distinct role why aren't fatherless children different? -
  1. children growing up with a single or same sex male parent families
    1. are not different
      1. even though research says they should be
        so fathers role is not important
3. why don't fathers generally be the primary attachment? -
  1. is it traditional gender roles
    1. women more nurturing
  2. female hormones
    1. higher levels of nurturing
    2. biologically more nurturing
evaluation +
1. working mothers
  1. socially sensitive research
    1. some children may be disadvantaged
      1. if the mother goes back to work soon after giving birth
        interactional synchrony won't happen
        important for developing attachments
what is attachment?
1. a close two way emotional bond between 2 individuals
  1. each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
2. behaviours
  1. proximity
    1. people try and stay close to whom they are attached to
  2. separation distress
    1. distressed when attachment figure leaves
  3. secure base behaviour
    1. returning to attachment figure
  4. stranger
    1. feeling uncomfortable when a stranger is present

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introduction to attachment

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