Single case, quasi experimental and developmental research

Single case experimental designs
1. Also called single participant designs
  1. Subject's behaviour is measured over time during a baseline control period
  2. Change from baseline to treatment periods is evidence of the effectiveness of the manipulation
2. Reversal designs
  1. A (baseline), B (treatment), A (baseline)
    1. Can also be ABAB or ABABAB
  2. Also called a withdrawal design
  3. Tests what happens when the treatment is removed
3. Multiple baseline designs
  1. Effectiveness of treatment shown if behaviour changes after the manipulation
  2. Observed under multiple circumstances
Program evaluation
1. Research on programs that are proposed to achieve a positive effect on a group
2. Needs assessment
  1. Is there actually a problem?
3. Program theory assessment
  1. How will the problem be addressed?
4. Process evaluation
  1. Is the program addressing the needs properly?
5. Outcome evaluation
  1. Are the intended outcomes being realized?
6. Efficiency assessment
  1. Is the cost of the program worth the outcome?
Quasi experimental design
1. Used when true experimental designs cannot be achieved
2. One group post test only design
  1. Lacks a control group and random assigment
  2. Ex - time it takes a stranger to get up after sitting beside them
3. One group pre test post test only design
  1. Change from the pre and post test can be computed
4. Non equivalent control group design
  1. Employs a control group but two conditions are not equal b/c random assignment is not used
5. Non equivalent control group pre test post test design
  1. Assignment is not random
  2. Can compare pre test/post test results
6. Interrupted time series design
  1. Multiple pre tests and post tests to examine natural manipulations in society
7. Control series design
  1. Same as interrupted time series design, but with a control group
Threats to internal validity
1. History
  1. An event that occurs that is not part of the manipulation
2. Maturation
  1. People changing over time
3. Testing
  1. Simply taking the pre test can change behaviour
4. Instrument decay
  1. The measuring instrument or the way participants use it changes over time
5. Regression towards the mean
  1. Occurs when participants are chosen for high/low scores
Developmental research design
1. Longitudinal cross sectional method
  1. Same group of people are studied at different points in time
2. Cross sectional method
  1. Persons of different ages are studied at one point in time
3. Sequential method
  1. Begins with the cross sectional methods, then studies the same groups with the longitudinal method

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Single case, quasi experimental and developmental research

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