Mendelian Genetics

1. Make Exact genetic copies
   1. Makes Clones
      1. Mutations can occur
2. One Parent

1. Interphase
   1. G1 Phase
      1. S Phase
         1. G2 Phase
            1. Prophase
               1. Prometaphase
                  1. Metaphase
                     1. Anaphase
                        1. Telophase
                           1. Cytokenesis
               2. Chromosomes Condense
               3. Nucleoli Disapears
               4. Sister Chromatids
               5. Mitotic Spindles Form
               6. Centrosomes move away
            2. Nuclear Envelope encloses Nulceus
            3. Nucleolus
               1. One or More nuclei
            4. Duplication of chromosomes
            5. Chromosomes not condensed
         2. Copies Chromosomes
      2. Cell growth
2. Make 2 Identical Cells
   1. Makes Diploid

1. Two Parents
2. Unique Combination of genes
   1. Offspring always vary genetically
      1. Common THEME of family resemblance

1. Haploid Makes Haploid
2. Interphase
   1. Homologous Chromosomes duplicate and Sister chromatids form
3. Unique Qualities
   1. Duplicated homologs pair up
      1. Held in synapsis and crosses over
   2. Metaphase plate
      1. Homologs are pair up
   3. Anaphase 1
      1. Homologous Pairs separate
4. Cohesions are not broken down by enzymes until Meiosis 2

1. 2 Haploids makes diploid
   1. makes a zygote

1. 46 Chromosomes
   1. 23 Pairs
      1. Homologous Chromosomes
         1. Same Length
         2. Same centromere positioning
         3. same staining pattern
         4. Sex Chromosomes
            1. XY, XX
         5. Autosomes
         6. Held together by cohesions

1. 2 sets of chromosomes
   1. 46 chromosomes
2. somatic cells
   1. non-sex cells

1. 1 set of chromosomes
   1. 23 chromosomes
2. gametes
   1. sex cells
      1. egg and sperm

1. Diploid
   1. Meiosis
      1. Haploid
         1. Mitosis
            1. Mitosis
               1. Gametes
                  1. Fertilization
                     1. Diploid/Zygote
                        1. Mitosis
   2. Sporophyte

1. Diploid
   1. Multicellular organism
   2. Meiosis
      1. Haploid
         1. Gametes
         2. Fertilization
            1. Zygote/Diploid
               1. Mitosis

1. Diploid
   1. Meiosis
      1. Haploid
         1. Mitosis
            1. Mitosis
               1. Gametes
                  1. Fertilization
                     1. Diploid /Zygote

1. Different versions of genes

1. Independent Assortment
   1. Random Orientation of Homologous Chromosomes
      1. 50% chance
         1. Paternal
         2. Maternal
      2. Possible combination: 2^n
         1. n = haploid #
2. Crossing over
   1. Recombinant Chromosomes
      1. Genes from 2 different parent cells
         1. Creates different sister chromatids
3. Random Fertilization
   1. gamete with gamete
      1. 2^n *2^n

1. shows up even with only one allele
   1. Shows up 3/4 of the time

1. Only shows up with both alleles
   1. Shows up about 1/4 of the time
2. Don't show phenotype

Nota:

• The 2 alleles for a heritable character segregate during the gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

1. Pair of Identical alleles

1. 2 Different alleles

1. Genotype
   1. Genetic Makeup
2. Phenotype
   1. Observable Traits

Nota:

• Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each pair of alleles during gamete formation.