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Research Methods
Descripción
AS Level (Research Methods) Psychology Mapa Mental sobre Research Methods, creado por emilyyoung212 el 27/12/2013.
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as level
psychology
research methods
psychology
research methods
as level
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emilyyoung212
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Resumen del Recurso
Research Methods
Experiments
Field
Involve manipulating the IV to see the effect on the DV
Takes place in a 'natural' environment
Lack of control over variables
Has ecological validity
Natural
Can be difficult to replicate
IV is not manipulated
Lab
Controlled conditions
Tests the effect of IV on the DV and controls as many EV's as possible
Involves the comparison of two or more conditions between which only one factor is changed
Doesn't reflect real life - lacks ecological validity
Can create artificial behaviour
Variables
IV
Independent variable
Manipulated by researcher
DV
Dependent variable
Measred by the researcher
EV
Extraneous variable
Other factors that may have an effect on the DV
eg. random errors, situational variables, participant variables, order effects, demand characteristics, experimenter effects
Operationalisation
Making a variable precise enough to be manipulated, measured or controlled
Hypothesis
A testable statement
Experimental/alternative hypothesis predicts there will be a difference or an expected relationship
Null hypothesis states that the results will not show a difference or relationship between the two variables
Any difference shown will be due to chance factors
Directional or non-directional
Directional (one tailed) - states the direction of the results
Non-directional (two tailed) - doesn't state which direction the results will go in
Ethics
Guidelines can be broken if it is justified
Consent - don't need consent in a field exp. but do in a lab exp.
Debrief - exp. should be discussed w/ participants afterwards and told the full extent of the study
Confidentiality - all info about participants should be confidential
Deception - should be avoided but sometimes it's necessary
Withdrawl - doesn't apply to obedience investigations
Protection of participants - participants should be safe from psychological and physical harm
Types of data
Qualitative
Consists of words
Strengths
Allows for more depth of analysis
High validity
Weaknesses
Difficult to make comparisons between groups or make a specific conclusion
Low reliability
Quantitative
Consists of numbers and quantities
Strengths
High reliability
Possible to analyse data in order to make comparisons between groups and make specific conclusions
Weaknesses
Gives a superficial view of the behaviour being studied
Low validity
Types of Interview
Structured
Has a pre-set order of questions , leaves little room for the researcher to follow up on answers
Unstructured
Questions are open and structure is flexible
Semi-structured
Has an order of questions to be answered but researcher has more freedom to follow up on answers
Sampling
Opportunity
Uses whoever is immediately available
Strengths - fast and efficient
Weaknesses - biased results
Volunteer
Uses whoever puts themselves forward
Strengths - less biased
Weaknesses - takes longer
Stratified
Rarely used
Sample reflects the target population
Strengths - very representative
Weaknesses - difficult to do
Random
Every no. of the target population has an equal chance of being selected
Strengths - v. representative
Weaknesses - takes a long time
Participant Designs
Independent Measures
Each group takes part in one experiment
Takes less time
No order effects
Large sample sizes
Individual differences
Repeated Measures
Each group takes part in all experiments (experiments repeated)
Takes longer
Order effects can occur
Smaller samples
No individual differences
Matched Pairs
Similar participants matched together in pairs
Individual differences controlled
No order effects
Takes longer
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