Biology

Nota:

• 6CO(2) + 6H(2)0 --- light energy ---> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6o(2)

1. Limiting Factors

   Nota:

   • Tempuarture CO(2) concentration Light intensity
2. Glucose

   Nota:

   • May be: Used for respiration Converted into insouluble starch for storage Used to produce cellulose, which strenghtens the cell Used to produce protein

Nota:

• Lipids are molecules consisting of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol.

Nota:

• Protein molecules are made up of long chains of amino acids. These long chains are folded to produce a specific shape that enables other molecules to fit into the protein.    
• structural components of tissues such as muscles, hormones, antibodies, enzymes.    

Nota:

• All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar.  Simple sugars - carbohydrates that contain only one or two sugar units. Complex carbohydrates -long chains of simple sugar units bonded together.    

1. Control of Water and Ion Content of the Body
2. Temperature Control
3. Principles of Homeostasis
4. Control of Blood Glucose

1. Environmental Factors

1. Waste
   1. Water

      Nota:

      • with sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals
   2. Air

      Nota:

      • smoke and gases such as sulfur dioxide, which contributes to acid rain
   3. Land

      Nota:

      • toxic chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides, which may be washed from land into water
   4. Eutrophication

      Nota:

      • An increase in the concentration of mineral ions in the water stimulates the growth of algae and/or plants Eventually the growth of the algae and/or plants results in some of these being unable to receive Sufficient light for photosynthesis and these organisms die there is a large increase in the population of microorganisms that feed on these dead organisms The respiration of the microorganisms depletes the oxygen concentration in the water, leading to the death of aerobic organisms.
2. Deforestation

Nota:

• Organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in the conditions in which they normally live.

1. competition
   1. Animals

      Nota:

      • Competes for food, mates and territory
   2. Plants

      Nota:

      • Compete for light and space, and for water and nutrients from the soil.
2. Extremophiles

   Nota:

   • Some organisms live in environments that are very extreme, containing: high levels of salt high temperatures high pressures
3. Functional

   Nota:

   • Related to processes such as reproduction and metabolism.
4. Behavioural

   Nota:

   • Migration
5. Structural

   Nota:

   • The ways in which organisms are shaped, or coloured
6. Parasites
   1. Malaria

1. Extinction
2. New species

   Nota:

   • isolation: two populations of a species become separated, eg geographically genetic variation: each population has a wide range of alleles that control their characteristics natural selection: in each population, the alleles that control the characteristics which help the organism to survive are selectedspeciation: the populations become so different that successful interbreeding is no longer possible.

Nota:

• Theory stated by Darwin in the book "Orgin of Species"

1. Introduction

   Nota:

   • The theory challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth There was insufficient evidence at the time the theory was published to convince many scientists The mechanism of inheritance and variation was not known until 50 years after the theory was published.
2. Evolution
   1. Species

      Nota:

      • Studying the similarities and differences between organisms allows us to classify living organisms into animals, plants and microorganisms, helps us to understand evolutionary relationships.
   2. Natural selection