4921799
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Mapa Mental por Chloe Woolner, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por Chloe Woolner
hace casi 9 años
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Sociology class differences in
achievement (External Factors)
- Cultral Deprivation
- Primary Socialisation in the family is needed for
basic skills, values and attitudes
- 'Cultral Equipment' includes things such as language, self-discipline
and reasoning skills
- 'Cultral Equipment' includes things such as language, self-discipline
and reasoning skills
- Many working class families fail to socialise their
children adequately. They lack the cultral
equipment needed to do well in school
- 3 main aspects of cultral deprivation:
language, parents education and
working-class subculture
- 3 main aspects of cultral deprivation:
language, parents education and
working-class subculture
- Material Deprivation
- refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate
housing and income. money problems in the family are significant to
attendance in school. children excluded from school are unlikely to
return to mainstream education. nearly 90% of failing schools are in
deprived areas
- Housing
- overcrowding can have a direct effect by making
it harder for children to study. means less room
for educational activities, no where to do
homework, disturbed sleep from sharing beds
and bedrooms
- development can become impaired through lack of space for safe play and
exploration. temporary accommodation means more movement and
changing of schools constantly
- cold or damp housing can cause health problems.
families in temporary housing can cause psychological
distress
- overcrowding can have a direct effect by making
it harder for children to study. means less room
for educational activities, no where to do
homework, disturbed sleep from sharing beds
and bedrooms
- diet and health
- young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and
minerals. poor nutrition affects health and means more absences from school.
- Children from poorer homes are more likely to have emotional or behavioural problems
- children from low income families were more likely to engage
in 'externalising' behavious such as fighting which can disrupt
schooling
- young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and
minerals. poor nutrition affects health and means more absences from school.
- Financial support and costs of education
- lack of financial support means that children from
poor families have to do without equipment and miss
out on experiences that would enhance their
educational achievement
- poor children may have to make do with hand- me downs and
cheaper but unfashionable equipment and this may result in
being isolated or bullying.
- lack of funds also means that children from low income families often need to work.
children in poverty take on jobs such as baby sitting, cleaning and paper rounds and
this has a negative impact on school work
- lack of funds also means that children from low income families often need to work.
children in poverty take on jobs such as baby sitting, cleaning and paper rounds and
this has a negative impact on school work
- Fear of Debt
- attitudes towards debt may deter working class students from going to
university. more costs than benefits going to university
- working class students who go to university are
likely to recieve less financial support from their
families
- more likely to apply to ones that are closer to home so they could live
at home and save on travel costs but this gave them less oppurtunity
to go to the higher status universities
- more likely to apply to ones that are closer to home so they could live
at home and save on travel costs but this gave them less oppurtunity
to go to the higher status universities
- attitudes towards debt may deter working class students from going to
university. more costs than benefits going to university
- lack of financial support means that children from
poor families have to do without equipment and miss
out on experiences that would enhance their
educational achievement
- refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate
housing and income. money problems in the family are significant to
attendance in school. children excluded from school are unlikely to
return to mainstream education. nearly 90% of failing schools are in
deprived areas
- Primary Socialisation in the family is needed for
basic skills, values and attitudes
- Language
- Hubbs-Tait found that where parents use
language that challenges their children
to evaluate their own understanding or
abilities, cognitive performance improves
- educated parents are more likely to use language
in this way
- Educated parents more likely to praise
- Educated parents more likely to praise
- educated parents are more likely to use language
in this way
- less educated parents tend o use language in ways that
only require children to make simple descriptive
statements
- Speech codes
- The restricted code:
- used by the working class, limited vocabulary, short, unfinished, ungrammatical sentence. Speech is
predictable and may involve only a single word. descriptive not analytic. context bound
- used by the working class, limited vocabulary, short, unfinished, ungrammatical sentence. Speech is
predictable and may involve only a single word. descriptive not analytic. context bound
- The Elaborated Code
- used by the middle class. wider vocabulary, longer grammatically correct complex
sentences. speech is more varied. context free speech, spell out their meanings to
the listener
- used by the middle class. wider vocabulary, longer grammatically correct complex
sentences. speech is more varied. context free speech, spell out their meanings to
the listener
- these differences in speech code give middle class children an advantage at school
and put working class children at a disadvantage . The elaborated code is the
language used by teachers, textbooks and exams.
- Early socialisation into the elaborated code means that middle class children are
already fluent users of the code when they start school. working class children
lacking the code are likely to feel excluded and to be less successful
- Bernstein argues that working class pupils fail because schools fail to teach them how
to use the elaborated code
- Bernstein argues that working class pupils fail because schools fail to teach them how
to use the elaborated code
- Early socialisation into the elaborated code means that middle class children are
already fluent users of the code when they start school. working class children
lacking the code are likely to feel excluded and to be less successful
- The restricted code:
- Hubbs-Tait found that where parents use
language that challenges their children
to evaluate their own understanding or
abilities, cognitive performance improves
- Parents Education
- working class parents placed less value on education, they are less ambitious for their children, gave
them less encouragement and took less interest. they visited schools less often and were less likely to
discuss their childrens progress with teachers
- parenting Style
- Educated parents parenting style emphasises consistent discipline and high
expectations of their children, encourages active learning and exploration
- less educated parents parentling style is marked by harsh or inconsistent
discipline. prevents the child from learning independance and self
control, leading to poorer motivation at school and problems interacting
with teachers
- Educated parents parenting style emphasises consistent discipline and high
expectations of their children, encourages active learning and exploration
- parents educational behaviours
- educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their childrens educational progress
- better able to get expert advice on childrearing, more successful in establishing good relationships
with teachers and better at guiding their childrens interactions with school
- also recognise the educational value of activities such as visits to museums and libraries
- also recognise the educational value of activities such as visits to museums and libraries
- better able to get expert advice on childrearing, more successful in establishing good relationships
with teachers and better at guiding their childrens interactions with school
- educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their childrens educational progress
- use of income
- better educated parents tend to have higher incomes but they also
spend their income in ways that promote their childrens educational
success
- educated parents have a better understanding of
nutrition and its importance in child development and
a higher income to buy more nutritious food
- educated parents have a better understanding of
nutrition and its importance in child development and
a higher income to buy more nutritious food
- middle class mothers are more likely to biuy educational toys, books and
activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual
development
- working class homes are more likely to lack these resources and this
means children from such homes start school without the intellectual
skills needed to progress
- better educated parents tend to have higher incomes but they also
spend their income in ways that promote their childrens educational
success
- class, income and parental education
- middle class parents tend to be better
educated. parental education has an influence
on childrens achievement, regardless of class
and income.
- not all children of working class parents do equally badly and why not all children from middle class
families are equally successful
- not all children of working class parents do equally badly and why not all children from middle class
families are equally successful
- middle class parents tend to be better
educated. parental education has an influence
on childrens achievement, regardless of class
and income.
- working class parents placed less value on education, they are less ambitious for their children, gave
them less encouragement and took less interest. they visited schools less often and were less likely to
discuss their childrens progress with teachers
- working class subculture
- lack of parental interest in their childrens education reflects
the subcultral values of the working class
- a subculture is a group whose attitudes
and values differ from those of
mainstream culture
- working class subculture has 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement
- FATALISM: a belief in fate. contrasts with middle class values
- COLLECTIVISM: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
- IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION: seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifies in order to get rewards in
the future
- PRESENT- TIME ORIENTATION: seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having long-term goals or plans
- PRESENT- TIME ORIENTATION: seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having long-term goals or plans
- IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION: seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifies in order to get rewards in
the future
- COLLECTIVISM: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
- FATALISM: a belief in fate. contrasts with middle class values
- Compensatory education
- aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to
schools and communities in deprived areas
- aim to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to
schools and communities in deprived areas
- lack of parental interest in their childrens education reflects
the subcultral values of the working class
- Cultral Capital
- refer to knowledge , attitudes, values, language,
tastes and abilities of the middle class
- middle class culture as a type of capital because it give an
advantage to those who possess it. middle class aquire the ability to
grasp, analsye and develop intellectual interests and an
understanding of what the education system requires for success
- middle class culture as a type of capital because it give an
advantage to those who possess it. middle class aquire the ability to
grasp, analsye and develop intellectual interests and an
understanding of what the education system requires for success
- middle class children an advantage in school where these abilites and interests are highly valued
- working class children find that school devalues their culture as rough and inferior.
their lack of cultral capital leads them to exam failure. may working class pupils also get
the message that education is not meant for them and respond by truanting, early
leaving or not trying
- educational and economic capital
- wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into
educational capital by sending their children to private schools
- 'selection by mortage' because it drives up the cost of houses
near to successful schools and excludes working-class families
- 'selection by mortage' because it drives up the cost of houses
near to successful schools and excludes working-class families
- wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into
educational capital by sending their children to private schools
- refer to knowledge , attitudes, values, language,
tastes and abilities of the middle class
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