Sociological Theory

Sociological Theory

functionalism
1. integration of individuals
  1. integrated into social system
  2. PARSON
    1. mechanism
      1. socialisation
      2. social control
2. value consensus and social order
  1. PARSON
    1. social order=shared cultures/central value system
    2. value consensus glue holds society together
3. society as a system
  1. PARSON
    1. society=biological organism
    2. organic analogy
    3. 3 similiarties
      1. system
        fit together in a fixed way
      2. system needs
        basic needs must be met f its to survive
      3. functions
        economy helps maintain social system by meeting needs
4. part of the social system
  1. PARSON
    1. society= building blocks
    2. individual actions governed by norms
      1. norms clustered= status-roles
    3. status-roles= institution
      1. related institution= sub-system
    4. sub-system= social system
5. system needs
  1. PARSONS
    1. basic needs
      1. Adaptaion
        social system meets material needs
      2. Goal attainment
        society set goal&allocate resources to achieve
      3. Integration
        integrated to pursue shared goals
      4. Latency
        maintain society over time
6. types of society
  1. PARSONS
    1. traditional
      1. students
        are ascribed
      2. immediate gratification
    2. modern
      1. deferred gratification
      2. students achieve own goals= individual
7. social change
  1. PARSONS
    1. change is gradual
      1. evolutionary process
      2. occur through dynamic equilibrium
Marxism
1. Marx ideas
  1. his theory 'scientific socialism'
  2. Historical materialism
    1. materialism
      1. humans have to work to achieve materialism
      2. means of production
    2. social relations of production
      1. humans cooperate with each other to meet their needs
      2. led to division between classes
    3. mode of production forms economic base
      1. determines the superstructure
        education
        family
        mass media
        Politics
        religion
  3. class society&exploitation
    1. no class/expolitation
      1. primitive communism
    2. class owns the means
      1. controls the surplus benefits
    3. class societies
      1. ancient
        exploitation of slaves
      2. feudal
        exploitation of serfs
      3. capitalist
        exploitation of free wage labourers
  4. capitalism
    1. division of labour
    2. concentrated power
      1. competition creates concentration
      2. multinational companies
      3. low wage = immiseration
    3. Proletariat free
      1. sell labour
      2. difference in surplus
      3. unequal
    4. 2 warring camps
      1. tech=deskilled workers
      2. class polarisation
  5. class consciousness
    1. cause w/c develop consciousness
  6. idelology
    1. u/p control mental production
    2. foster false consciousness
    3. sustain class inequality
  7. alienation
    1. loss of control over due to separation
    2. creates unskilled labourer
  8. state,revolution&communism
    1. state protects class owners
    2. revolution= classless communist
  9. critisims
    1. class
      1. simplistic view of inequality
      2. class polarisation not occurred
    2. economic determinism
      1. revolution not come true
      2. base-superstructure model criticised for economic dterminism
Feminist theories
1. liberal feminist
  1. can achieve gender equality
  2. cultural change
  3. sex gender
    1. Enter text here
Action theories
1. WEBER social action
  1. types of action
    1. instrumentally rational action
      1. actors calculate efficient way to achieve given goal
    2. value-rational action
      1. action towards a goal as desirable/own sake
        no way of calculating
    3. traditional action
      1. customary/habitual action
        'we have always done it'
    4. affectual action
      1. expresses emotion
        important religious/political movements
  2. two levels
    1. level of cause
      1. objective structural factors that shape people's behaviour
      2. the protestant reformation introduced new belief system
    2. level of meaning
      1. understanding subjective meanings
      2. work took on religious meaning
  3. evaluation
    1. SCHUTZ
      1. too individualistic
      2. don't explain shared nature of meanings
    2. difficult to apply
2. symbolic interactionism
  1. MEADE
    1. symbol vs instincts
      1. behaviour is not shaped by instinct
      2. meaning to things that are significant to us
      3. create and live in a world of meaning
        attach symbols to the world
        symbols have variety of meaning
      4. interpret meaning of things before we know how to respond to the stimulus
    2. taking the role of the other
      1. interpret other people's meaning by taking the role of other
      2. put ourselves into others shoes
        ability to develop through social interaction
  2. BLUMER
    1. 3 principles
      1. meanings arise from interaction process
      2. actions are based on meaning we give to situation
      3. meanings we give to situation due to interpretive procedure used
    2. our action is partly predictable/ we internalise expectation from others
  3. Labelling theory
    1. interactionist concept
    2. definition of situation
      1. THOMAS
        if we believe something is true/it will effect how we act
    3. looking glass self
      1. COOLEY
      2. self concept arises from ability to take role of others
      3. self-fulfilling prophecy occurs/we become what others see us as
    4. career
      1. mental patient labelled by psychiatrist
      2. hard to reintergrate into society
      3. criticism
        too deterministic
  4. GOFFMAN'S dramaturgical model
    1. actors acting out scripts
    2. impression management
      1. control impression our preformane
      2. adjust performance to present a convincing image
      3. many techniques for impression
        language
        tone
        gesture
    3. different settings of interaction:we act differently in different things
    4. role
      1. gap between our real self and our roles
      2. we are not the roles we play
      3. role loosely scripted by society
  5. criticism
    1. not all actions are meaningful
    2. cannot explain the consistent patterns we observe in behaviour
    3. ignores wider social structures
3. Phenomenology
  1. SCHUTZ
    1. typification
      1. categories and concept used no unique to ourselves
      2. meaning given to experiences varies to social context
      3. stabilise & clarify when speaking the same language
        possible to communicate
      4. without shared typification= social order would be impossible
      5. shared typification knowledge that we use to make sense of experience
    2. members of society have shared' life world'
    3. Natural attitude
      1. society appears as a real/objective thing
      2. we assume the unknown and unseen individuals
      3. adopt to natural attitude
        assumes the social world is solid
  2. HUSSERL
    1. world makes sense because we impose meaning & order
    2. knowledge about the world
      1. through mental acts of categorising meanings
  3. criticism
    1. BERGER&LUCKMANN
      1. reject that society is merely an inter-subjective reality
4. Ethnomethodology
  1. Garfinkel
    1. how is social order achieved
    2. rejects parsons reasons
    3. social order is an accomplishment
      1. construct using common sense
  2. indexicality
    1. nothing has a fixed meaning
    2. threat to social order
      1. meaning is unclear
      2. Enter text here
  3. reflexivity
    1. make us behave as if meaning are cleat&obvious
    2. use common sense knowledge/ interaction to construct sense of meaning
    3. stop indexicality
  4. suicide and reflexivity
    1. coroners make sense by selecting facts
    2. impose order by seeking patterns
      1. patterns are social construct
  5. criticism
    1. ignores wider structure of power and inequality affect meaning
    2. denies existence of wider society
    3. no reason to accept EM views
      1. identify that patterns and producing explanation are fiction
5. structure and action
  1. GIDDENS: structuration theory
    1. duality of structure
    2. structure&action cannot exist without each other
    3. through actions produce and reproduce structures
    4. structures are what make actions
    5. reproduction of structure through agency
      1. 2 elements
        rules
        norms, laws that govern/affect action
        resources
        economic&power over other
      2. an reproduce/change through human actions
      3. obeying law reproduce structure
        inventing new technology
    6. criticism
      1. Craib
        isn't a theory doesn't explain what actually happens in society
        Fails to unite structure with action and apply it on a large scale
    7. language would not exist if no one used it
    8. change of structures through agency
      1. reflexively monitor
        our own action
        late modern society individuals become more reflexive
      2. actions might change the world
        calvinist << created capitalism
Globalisation, modernity&postmodernity
1. globalisation
  1. technological changes
    1. echange info globally= risk society
  2. economic
    1. greater interconnectedness
    2. becoming more weightless
  3. political changes
    1. globalisation power of nation-state
  4. change in culutre/identity
    1. harder for cultures to exist in insolation
    2. 'global culture'
2. modern society
  1. nation state
  2. capitalism
    1. economy modern societies
  3. individualism
3. postmodernism
sociology&science
objectivity&values in sociology
sociology&social policy

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