Immunology

Nota:

• 1. First line  - External physical barriers  e.g skin2. Second line Internal physiological barrierse.g inflammation3. Third line- Adaptive immune response

1. Cardiovascular system

   Nota:

   • Heart and blood vessel
2. Mononuclear Phagocyte System

   Nota:

   • - Network of reticular fibre - Phagocytes (macrophages)
3. Lymphatic System
   1. Primary lymphoid organ

      Nota:

      • 1. Bone marrow 2. Thymus
   2. Secondary Lymphoid organs

      Nota:

      • 1. Adenoid 2. Tonsils 3. Lymph nodes 4. Spleen 5. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
   3. Lymph circulatory system

      Nota:

      • Lympathic vessels

1. Leukocytes

   Nota:

   • - Have nuclei - Involved in phagocytosis, inflammation, adaptive immune response
2. Platelets

   Nota:

   • - Do not have nuclei - Involved in inflammation and blood clotting
3. Basophil

   Nota:

   • Involve in inflammation
4. Neutophil

   Nota:

   • Killing the invading microbes
5. Eosinophil

   Nota:

   • Defense against parasitic infection.
   • Involve phagocytosis
6. Monocytes

   Nota:

   • Involve in phagocytosis
7. Lymphocyte

   Nota:

   • Response to foreign invaders in the body
8. Mast cell

   Nota:

   • Involve in wound healing and defense against pathogen
9. Natural killer cells (NK cells)

   Nota:

   • Host rejection of both tumors and virally infected cells

1. Innate immune response

   Nota:

   • - Non specific - IMMUNE RESPONSE PREFORMED - Response magnitude is similar during the first and subsequent encounters - No memory stored
   1. First line
      1. Saliva
      2. Mucus
      3. Tears
      4. Stomach acid
      5. Skin
   2. Second line

      Nota:

      • Physiological barriers
      1. Fever

         Nota:

         • Initiated by pyrogens; Change the hypothalamus
      2. Inflammation

         Nota:

         • 1. Redness 2. Heat 3. Pain 4. Oedema
         • Stages: 1. Tissue injury 2. Dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels 3. Phagocytes- phagocytosis
      3. Phagocytosis

         Nota:

         • 1. Attachment 2. Ingestion 3. Killing 4. Degradation
      4. Antimicrobial proteins

         Nota:

         • 1. Interferons Iron-binding proteins 3. Antimicrobial peptides
2. Adaptive immune response
   1. Third line