tasks & puzzles: children
solving puzzles, analysing
their reasons for solutions
they give
4 key concepts
Nota:
e.g.
equilibrium: familiar with birds - thinks all flying objects are birdsassimiliation: sees an airplane and calls it a birddisequilibrium: notices that places don't have feathers or flat their wingsaccommodation: concludes that places are not birds, but placesorganisation
1. SCHEMA
= knowledge organised into
chunks of similar or related
answers
= concepts, theories, beliefs
it is a flexible grouping
change &
develop
with new
experiences
= cognitive task
2. ASSIMILATION
= inputting new info into
existing schemas without
changing the organisation of
them
happens constantly
every time: recognise or learn sth
difficult: if can't place
an object in a
pre-given concept
3. ACCOMMODATION
= changning schemas to
adapt to new information
experiences that challenge one's
belief
4.
EQUILIBRIUM
= sense of order,
balance, coherence,
stability in the mind
= balanced and well-ordered
schemas
driving force = search for
equilibrium
disequilibrium = due to new
info, leads to search for new
state of equilibrium
4 stages
Nota:
child relies on different type of thinking than an adult does => they go through stages of intellectual growth
1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (o-2
yrs)
child's own sensations
Nota:
looks at a rattle: does not perceive iit as permanent, independent object => looks away, rattle does not exist anymore
simple reflex action patterns
Nota:
reaching, grasping, sucking
developing: sense
of OBJECT
PERMANENCE
Nota:
The conviction that an object exists even when it is out of sight. Piaget believed infants didn't develop this level of understanding until the age of at least eight months.
2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7
yrs)
representational skills
Nota:
1st attempt = a person, usually with a circle for head and two vertical lines for legs
signs & symbols
counting &
basic maths
symbolic play &
symbolic
representations
Nota:
through drawing & making models
failure to conserve
quantity & number
egocentrism
Nota:
unable to take the viewpoint of others
3. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
(7-11 yrs)
Nota:
know how to interrelate their mental representations
concrete operation = ability to abstract a quality from concrete objects (e.g. quantity, weight, number, colour, volume, type)
problems dealing with
objects are solvable
literal meaning
conservation tasks
reversibility
Nota:
e.g. mathematica sums & equations can work backwards
reversibility difficulties:
e.g. mummy and daddy got married twice - mummy got married to daddy and daddy got married to mummy
transitivity
Nota:
A < B, and B < C, therefore A < C
seriation task
Nota:
ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
(12+)
Nota:
physics, maths, literature, history
hypothesis testing
Nota:
can guess the outcome of an event before it starts
anticipation + planning
+ reflection =>
integrated in life