CORE 1: Better Health for Individuals

HEALTH
1. is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease/infirmity
2. is a continually changing process. it is highly subjective
4 DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
1. PHYSICAL: wellness of the body and absence of chronic pain or discomfort
2. MENTAL/EMOTIONAL: state of well being where we realise our abilities and cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and make a contribution to society
3. SPIRITUAL: relates to a sense of purpose and meaning in our life and to feeling connected with others and society
4. SOCIAL: ability to interact w/ other people in an interdependent and cooperative way
PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH
1. are influenced by
  1. personal interpretation of health
  2. environment
  3. behaviours/lifestyle
  4. past level of health
  5. attitudes about health conveyed by peers, family, media
  6. value of importance to be healthy
  7. beliefs about our capacity to achieve good health
2. IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF HEALTH
  1. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL: have significant influence on their lifestyle choices and behaviours relating to health, an incorrect/distorted assessment of health can lead to harmful misconceptions/reinforce bad stereotypes
  2. POLICY LEVEL: with individuals having different perceptions of health it means that it costs more $ for government to take care of those who have poor health
  3. MORTALITY: number of deaths in a given population from a particular casuse
  4. MORBIDITY: incidence/level of illness/sickness in a given population
  5. LIFE EXPECTANCY: average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age based on current death rates
HEALTH BEHAVIOURS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
1. INDIGENOUS
  1. poorer levels of health
  2. negative perception of health
  3. death rates of 4x higher than non-indigenous
  4. lower life expectancy, live 20 years less than general population
  5. likely to experience chronic illness that reduces quality of life
  6. suffer higher rates of asthma, diabetes & injury resulting in hospitalisation
  7. more likely to experience risk factors associated with poor health such as obesity, tobacco use, physics inactivity
2. REMOTE & RURAL
  1. higher death rates
  2. more hospital admissions for particular problems such as injuries/poisioning
  3. more likely to engage in risky health behaviours such as high-risk drinking and poor dietary habits
3. LOW SOCIOECONOMIC
  1. more likely to experience poor levels of health compared to others
  2. death rates are twice as high as less disadvantaged areas
  3. higher injury rate
4. MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS
  1. group of mental illnesses where a person experiences disturbances of mood or thought that lead to difficulties functioning normally
  2. the number of people who reported experiencing high levels of distress is increasing
  3. depressions, anxiety and substance abuse is accounted for 75% of the burden of disease
5. INJURIES
  1. particularly sustained from motor accidents and intentional self-ham
  2. leading cause of ill-health, hospitalisation and death in this age group
  3. injuries responsible for 2/3 of premature deaths by young people, males 3x higher in yrs of life lost than females
  4. increasing prevalence of a number of chronic health problems and rising incidence of certain communicable diseases such as diabetes cerebal palsy
PROTECTIVE BEHAVIOURS
1. are those behaviours that are likely to enhance a person's level of health, EG eating the right amount of fruit and vegetables
RISK BEHAVIOURS
1. are those health behaviours that have been found to contribute to the development of health problems or poorer levels of health, EG smoking
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTHS
1. INDIVIDUAL factors: knowledge, skills, attitudes, genetics
  1. HEALTH LITERACY is the ability to understand and interpret health information and use it to promote and maintain good health
  2. ACQUISITION OF SKILLS related to making, problem solving, communicating, interacting and moving to contribute to improved health as having these skills to empower people to make healthier choices
  3. KNOWLEDGE comes from a variety of sources - parents, siblings, peers, teachers, internet, media
  4. GENETICS outline our potential to achieve a certain level of health a number of genetic disorders lead to ill health and decreased life expectancy, also plays a role in determining a persons predisposition to certain diseases and health problems
2. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS relate to society in which people live and the cultural practices and expectations that exist within these communities EG family, peers, media, religion, culture
  1. FAMILY has a significant influence on health and well-being
  2. FAMILIES play a role in promoting good health, encouraging good health behaviour, family expectations, main source of health information and support
  3. PEERS have a powerful influence on the decision people make relating to health and the type of behaviours they undertake
  4. MEDIA has a powerful influence through its significant role is disseminating information relating to health. Also influences values and attitudes EG images that associate smoking with positive personal qualities like popularity
    1. EXPECTATIONS OF SOCIETAL FORMS - images conveyed through media promote certain expectations and risk behaviours that arise from expectations
3. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS relate to a person's level of income, education and employment.
  1. WHO stated that the social conditions in which people live powerfully influence their chances to be healthy. Indeed factors such as poverty, social exclusion and discrimination, poor housing, unhealthy early childhood conditions and low occupational status are important determinants of most diseases, deaths and health inequalities between and within countries'
  2. EDUCATION is likely to increase their understanding of health protective and risk factors enabling people to develop skills that assist them in accessing health info + services when required
  3. EMPLOYMENT being able to secure satisfying meaningful and regular employment has positive influence, unemployed Australia have mortality rates that are 50% higher than employed
  4. INCOME those who have higher income have more money available to spend on health-related products + services, they have freedom to choose from a greater range of options
    1. poverty increased individuals exposure to risk behaviours that are likely to harm their health and also restricts their access to health services and products
  5. MEDICARE Aust gov funded health shame that subsides the cost of medical services for all Australians and aims to ensure medical care is affordable
    1. POSITIVES available to everyone, makes health care accessible, covers minimal procedures and GP visits
    2. NEGATIVES not all services covered, long waiting for procedures, waiting for treatment can lead to ongoing pain, reduced capacity to go about daily life etc
4. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS are things present in environment in which people live and work that can affect their health in a positive or negative way
  1. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION those living in rural/remote areas experience poorer health outcomes due to having higher death rates and higher levels of health risk factors inc smoking, inactiveness, excessive drinking etc
    1. DISTANCE FACTOR have to travel long distances for work, household related issues + socialising, greater risk of injury due to danger e.g. long distances, poor road quality, speed, fatigue, animals, distance factor may lead to poor mental health + depression
  2. CLIMATE + LIFESTYLE FACTOR likely to face harsh living conditions as well as severe weather conditions
    1. INDIGENOUS FACTOR 24% of ppl living in remote areas and 45% of ppl living in very remote identify as indigenous, increases exposure to health risks. EG safe housing - electricity, clean running water, adequate sewerage systems resulting in diseases
  3. BIG CITY LIFE high levels of air pollution from emissions of vehicles and heavy industry increases risk of respiratory infections, asthma, bronchitis and CVD
  4. ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY increases availability and variety of tech impact young peoples health, increases sedentary behaviour
    1. TECH IN RURAL/REMOTE AREAS increased use of computers/internet provided ppl with greater access to accurate health info that supports improvements in knowledge + awareness
      1. ROYAL FLYING SERVICE, allows ppl to access health care and gain info immediately when needed
      2. BARRIERS lack on infrastructure can restrict access ppl to fast and reliable tech, cost of devices, computer literacy + reduced tech support
  5. CLIMATE CHANGE/TOBACCO SMOKE passive smoking affecting victims who don't smoke, respiratory disease, CVD, decreased lung function, increased severity of asthma attacks

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CORE 1: Better Health for Individuals

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