601710
B3 - living and
growing
- Molecules of life
- Molecules of life
- Cell structure
- MITOCHONDRIA
in the cytoplasm of
a cell depends on
the activity of the
cell.
- this is because
of RESPIRATION
occurs in
mitochondria
- RIBOSOME
are smaller and
found in the
cytoplasm
- RIBOSOME
are smaller and
found in the
cytoplasm
- this is because
of RESPIRATION
occurs in
mitochondria
- MITOCHONDRIA
in the cytoplasm of
a cell depends on
the activity of the
cell.
- DNA
- NUCLEUS
contains genes.
DNA make up
a code and
form bases in
chromosomes
- double helix
- MESSENGER RNA
carries DNA to the
ribosome to make
protein
- double helix
- Discovering the structure
- Watson and Crick discovered
it by -photographers showing
double helix -data indicating
bases occured in pairs
- Watson and Crick discovered
it by -photographers showing
double helix -data indicating
bases occured in pairs
- NUCLEUS
contains genes.
DNA make up
a code and
form bases in
chromosomes
- Cell structure
- Proteins and mutations
- grouping organisms
- proteins:
made up of
amino acids
- they have different jobs e.g: structural
proteins (collagen). Hormones carry
message to control reaction (insulin
control blood sugar levels). Carrier
(haemoglobin carriers oxygen).
Enzymes
- they have different jobs e.g: structural
proteins (collagen). Hormones carry
message to control reaction (insulin
control blood sugar levels). Carrier
(haemoglobin carriers oxygen).
Enzymes
- proteins:
made up of
amino acids
- Enzymes
- speed up reaction:
Biological catalysts
- work best at a
terticular temp
and pH
- work best at a
terticular temp
and pH
- speed up reaction:
Biological catalysts
- Mutations
- can occur
spontaneously, by
radiation, or
chemicals
- can occur
spontaneously, by
radiation, or
chemicals
- grouping organisms
- Respiration
- respiration releases
energy from food to be
used for many different
processes in living
organisims
- AERobic respiraion
- it involves the
use of oxygen.
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
- it involves the
use of oxygen.
- ANAERobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration is a type of
respiration that does not use oxygen. It
is used when there is not enough
oxygen for aerobic respiration.
- glucose -> lactic acid (+energy)
- Anaerobic respiration is a type of
respiration that does not use oxygen. It
is used when there is not enough
oxygen for aerobic respiration.
- respiration releases
energy from food to be
used for many different
processes in living
organisims
- Cell division
- multicellular
- it means a living
organism that has
different cells e.g
humans
- it allows organisms to become
more complex and allows cells to
take up different jobs. this is
called CELL DIFFERENTIATION
- needs to allows communication
between cells, supply cells with
nutrients, control changes within
the environment
- needs to allows communication
between cells, supply cells with
nutrients, control changes within
the environment
- it means a living
organism that has
different cells e.g
humans
- Mitosis
- produces new
cells for growth
- two genetically
identical cells are
made
- produces new
cells for growth
- Meiosis
- produces gametes(sex cells)
- gametes are HAPLOID
cells because they only
contain one chromosone
- gametes are HAPLOID
cells because they only
contain one chromosone
- produces gametes(sex cells)
- multicellular
- The circulatory system
- Blood
- plasma is liquid bit of
blood. it transports
important substances
around your body
- dissolved food (glucose).
carbon dioxide. hormones.
plasma protein
(antibodies). waste (urea).
water. red blood cells.
- dissolved food (glucose).
carbon dioxide. hormones.
plasma protein
(antibodies). waste (urea).
water. red blood cells.
- plasma is liquid bit of
blood. it transports
important substances
around your body
- vessels
- ARTERIES - these carry
blood AWAY from the
heart
- CAPILLARIES - these are
involved in the exchange of
materials at the tissue
- VEINS - these carry blood TO
the heart
- VEINS - these carry blood TO
the heart
- CAPILLARIES - these are
involved in the exchange of
materials at the tissue
- ARTERIES - these carry
blood AWAY from the
heart
- The heart
- DOUBLE
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM :
blood pumped
to the lungs
and returns to
the heart to be
pumped round
body. blood is
at a higher
pressure and
flows to tissue
faster
- DOUBLE
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM :
blood pumped
to the lungs
and returns to
the heart to be
pumped round
body. blood is
at a higher
pressure and
flows to tissue
faster
- Blood
- Growth and
development
- measuring growth
- two main
phrases of
rapid growth:
just after birth,
adolescene
(puberty)
- 3 ways of
measuring
- length: easy
but only
measures
growth in
one
direction
- Dry mass:
best way,
but organism
dies
because no
water
- Wet mass:
easy to
measure
but not
accurate
- length: easy
but only
measures
growth in
one
direction
- two main
phrases of
rapid growth:
just after birth,
adolescene
(puberty)
- differentiation
- stem cells stay
undifferentiated.
they can
develop into
anything
- process by which a cell
changes to become
specialised for its job
- some scientists use
embryonic stem cells.
But they can be found
in adults
- some people argue against
this becuase they believe
human embryos shouldnt be
used for experiments science
they are potential life.
- some people argue against
this becuase they believe
human embryos shouldnt be
used for experiments science
they are potential life.
- stem cells stay
undifferentiated.
they can
develop into
anything
- measuring growth
- New genes for old
- Selective breeding
- is where human artifically
select the plants/animals that
are going to breed and have
their genes remain in the
population. Its usual to develop
best features
- e.g. maximum yeild
of meat, milk etc.
good health and
disease resistance.
speed, attractiveness
etc
- can reduce ALLELES in
population (gene pool)
increasing risk of harmful
recessive characteristics in
offspring. or reduction in
variation, population cant
adapt
- e.g. maximum yeild
of meat, milk etc.
good health and
disease resistance.
speed, attractiveness
etc
- is where human artifically
select the plants/animals that
are going to breed and have
their genes remain in the
population. Its usual to develop
best features
- genetic engineering
- basic idea is to move genes
(sections of DNA) from one
organism to another so that it
produces useful biological
produces
- the desired characteristics are selected
- the genes responsible are identified
and removed (isolated)
- the genes are inserted into other organism
- the organisms are allowed to reproduce (replicate)
- the organisms are allowed to reproduce (replicate)
- the genes are inserted into other organism
- the genes responsible are identified
and removed (isolated)
- basic idea is to move genes
(sections of DNA) from one
organism to another so that it
produces useful biological
produces
- Selective breeding
- Cloning
- cloning animals
- it is done by
transferring a cell
nucleus
- dolly the sheep
- ethical issue
- ethical issue
- it is done by
transferring a cell
nucleus
- cloning plants
- plants keep there
ability to differentiate
making them easier
to clone
- tissue culture
- a plant is selected that has certain characteristics
- a large number of small pieces of tissue are
cut from plant
- the small pieces are grown in test tubes containing
a growth mineral
- Aseptic technique is used at all stages to stop any
microbes infecting the plant
- Aseptic technique is used at all stages to stop any
microbes infecting the plant
- the small pieces are grown in test tubes containing
a growth mineral
- a large number of small pieces of tissue are
cut from plant
- a plant is selected that has certain characteristics
- plants keep there
ability to differentiate
making them easier
to clone
- it is making an
exact cope of
another
organism.
clones are
genetically
identical
- cloning animals
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