Impact of Khrushchev

East-West Summits
1. Geneva Summit July 1955
2. Paris Summit May 1960
  1. U2 spy plane incident
3. Vienna Summit June 1961
Relations with China
1. July 1958 - Khrushchev proposed joint Russian-Chinese control over China's nuclear programme
2. 1959, Khrushchev publicly criticised Mao's Great Leap Forward
  1. Mao responds in 1960 by calling K a revisionist
3. Brief honeymoon period in 1954 - K agreed to more economic aid and agreed to personally visit China
4. 1st Visit August 1958
  1. Swimming pool incident
5. Second visit 1959
  1. No guard of honour for K
    1. K and M openly insult eachother
Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962
1. Beginning Events
  1. Early Sept 1962 USSR secretly started to install 24 SS-4 medium range ballistic missile launchers in Cuba and 16 longer-range SS-5 missile launchers
    1. Each launcher would hold 2 missiles, both containing a one megaton nuclear warhead
      1. Soviets also sent 42 jet bombers, 42 jet fighters, 24 advanced SAMs, 4 elite army regiments, two tank battalions and over 40000 troops and other personnel
2. Consequences for Khrushchev
  1. K could claim credit for safeguarding Castro's socialist revolution by obtaining the US pledge not to invade China
    1. K could also argue that Soviet action in Cuba had removed US Jupiter missiles in Turkey
      1. Ultimately, K had chosen peace over brinkmanship but the Soviet descent in October 1962 could not be disguised
        Soviet military never forgave K. They regarded CMC as ending in humiliating failure - a factor in K's removal from office in 1964
3. Motives in placing armaments in Cuba
  1. To defend Cuba from an unexpected US invasion
    1. To bargain for removal of US nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy
      1. To further humiliate Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs failure
        To put pressure on the West to leave Berlin
        To achieve nuclear parity with the USA by making US cities more vulnerable to attack
Peaceful Coexistence - adopted Malenkov's new course under a new title
1. Key Measures of Peaceful Coexistence
  1. Cuts in the Red Army (from the mid 1950s)
    1. 2nd half of 1950s, cut from 5.8 million -> 3.7 million
    2. Further cuts - approx 33% were announced early 1960s
    3. Done in the name of peaceful coexistence + to cut military costs - K convinced nuclear weapons gave USSR much better protection
  2. The Austrian state treaty 1955
  3. Soviet withdrawal from Finland - 1956
Secret Speech 1956
1. 20th party conference February 1956
  1. K denounced Stalins reign of terror in a 'secret' speech lasting 6 hours
    1. Stalin attacked for 1.Promoting cult of personality 2. using purges and persecution to consolidate personal rule 3. Reducing the comm party to a compliant body
      1. USA regarded as a sign that real change was taking place in USSR
        Created expectation of reform in satellite states

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