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Putnam - Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
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Mapa Mental sobre Putnam - Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, creado por iainajniven el 01/05/2013.
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Resumen del Recurso
Putnam - Making Democracy Work, Civic Traditions in Modern Italy
Social capital plays a central role in explaining variation in democratic performance
Initial goal to asses the difference institutional change makes to democratic and governmental performance in 20 Italian regions
Also sought to find what explains why some countries are democratic and others are not
What is the nature of the relation between society and its political institutions
What type of characteristics of a society promote democracy?
Research Questions
What are the conditions for creating strong, responsive effective representative institutions
What difference did the introduction of regional government make to institutional performance
What explains the wide disparities in the democratic performance of Italy's 20 regional governments
Quotes
Building social capital will not be easy, but it is the key to making democracy work
By social capital I mean features of social life networks, norms and trust that enable participants to acct together more effectively to pursue shared
Nota:
Interests
Research Design
New powers for Italian government provided a natural experiment to asses performance of new governments
A Case Study That:
Exploits a natural experiment to asses the different that institutional reform makes to institutional performance over 20 years
Comparing 20 regions but focusing on six
Justifciation
1970 reform rare case example of creating new representative institutions in western Europe
Possible to tease out relative weight of different backgrond factors in shaping variation in democratic performance
Design provide opportunity to asses association between different factors and dependence variables and opportunities to explore change over time
Nota:
Causal Mechanisms
Stage 1
Describe institutional development in response to increasing power for regions over 20 years
Developed objective indicators for institutional perfomance
Asses the degree to which these correlate across regions over 20 years
Data on institutional development - extracted from surveys and indicators of budgets and policy areas controlled by regional governments
1. Four waves of interviews with councilors from the 6 regions. 2. Three Waves of interviews with community leaders in the 6 regions
3. Nation wide mail survey. 4. Several nationwide surveys of votes
Findings Stage 1
Institutional change happened
Italian political leaders pursued different career paths
Citizens and leaders depend on different agencies for government ation
Marked regional disparities in the institutional performance of different regions recognised by their constituencies
Stage 2
Goal - to explain regional disparities in institutional performance
Main explanatory variable - civic community
Control variable include socio-economic and social stability
Institutional indicators used in stage 1 and indicators of civic community
Preference voting - Clientlism. Referendum turnot - participation. Newspaper Readership - interest in public affairs. Density of association - co-op
Nota:
attitudes
Method of Analysis
Correlation between index of institutional performance and other variables
Correlation between civic traditions in past and institutional performance
Tracing roots of civic community from medieval Italy to present through a historical narrative
Findings Stage 2
Civic community and socio- economic modern correlated institutional performance
Nota:
Explains more of the difference between north and south
Civic traditions of 1880-1920 strongly correlated with later institutional performance
Historical link with feudalism in south and history of civic republicanism in North and institutional performance
Independent effect of the role of the communist party
Putnam Inferences
A civic community / social capital is necessary for democracy
Social capital more cause of economic success than consequence
Variation in institutional performance better explained by different amounts of social captial
Social capital built over time and path dependent
Different social endowments can be traced back to regime divergences in the 13th Century
Criticisms
Indicators don't measure democratic performance but policy performance
Indicators of institutional performance are not measuring one underlying concept
Correlation between civic community and institutional performance break down if run serparetely from north to south
Possible omitted variable bias, ignore role of political and state building strategies
Historical Narrative Unconvincing
Why middle ages source of difference
What happened in the middle ages?
If civic traditions are created what explains their creation
Tarrow argues policy performance can be achieved under authoritarian regimes
Levi poor conceptualisation, operationalization and mesaurement of civic involvement
Fails to acknowledge other sources that may contradict his conclusions
Historical process tracing
Corruption not taken into account
Social capital beyond Italy
Studies tend to be case specific not cross case
No one message emerging from cases
Paxton - trust in associational life not ncessarily tightly linked in US and Britain or move the same way over time
Schnedier - Some evidence that participation and social capital can be shaped by institutions
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