Overview of Research Methods

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Research methods
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Overview of Research Methods
  1. Types of data
    1. Primary Data- collected by researcher themselves.
      1. Secondary Data- Collected by someone else, used by researcher.
        1. Quantitative Data- Numerical.
          1. Qualitative Data- Written/ Spoken, other forms (e.g. photos)
          2. Practical Issues
            1. Time and money- Some methods are more costly or time consuming.
              1. Requirements of funding bodies- those funding research may select the topic + type of data and the presentation
                1. Personal skills & characteristics- May affect the choice of method. E.g. May struggle to establish the rapport with interviewees.
                  1. Subject matter- Some topics/groups may be harder to study than others.
                    1. Research opportunity- If there is an unexpected opportunity for research, time consuming methods (e.g. Questionnaires) won't be able to be used.
                    2. Ethical issues
                      1. Informed consent- All participants have to agree to take part, being fully aware of what the research is about.
                        1. Confidentiality & Privacy- Mustn't reveal names or personal details of participants.
                          1. Effects on research participants- Must avoid physical or mental harm on participants.
                            1. Vulnerable groups- Extra care when working with certain groups i.e. children, elderly, victims of crime or mentally ill.
                              1. Covert research- Some argue it's unethical as people are unaware they're being studied, however can be the only way.
                              2. Theoretical issues
                                1. Validity- Method which produces a true picture.
                                  1. Reliability- Consistent results when repeated.
                                    1. Representativeness- Sample is cross-section of the wider group the researched is based on.
                                      1. Methodological perspective- Positivists prefer quantitative data; Interpretivists prefer qualitative data.
                                        1. Theoretical perspective- Social action (Micro) perspectives prefer qual. methods for meaning; Structural (Macro) perspective prefer quant. methods for society shaping behaviour.
                                        2. Quantitative or Qualitative
                                          1. Positives- Quantitative: High reliability, Bigger samples, Generalisation, and Predictions of behaviour.
                                            1. Interpretivists- Qualitative: High validity, More detailed; However smalls samples so hard to generalise.
                                              1. Triangulation- Combing different methods (e.g. Quant. + Qual.)
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