Framed Structures- General

What is it?
1. Skeleton structure
2. Envelope responsible for aesthetics
3. Building frame- Collumns/ horizontal beams
4. Shed frame- Collunms and roof trusses
5. Portal (rigid)- Columns and horizontal/ pitched beams with rigid connection
6. Building type
  1. Residental (house/ apartment block)
  2. Commercial (office)
  3. Industrial (warehouse/ factory/ hangar)
  4. Hospital
  5. Retail ( Shopping mall)
  6. Leisure (theatre/ Stadium)
7. Structural form
  1. Open plan (beam and collumn)
  2. Cellular (Cross wals/ box construction)
Advantages
1. Prefabrication (offsite quality advantages)
2. Multi storey construction works
3. Flexible plan (more floor space)
4. Saving floor space (slimmer walls)
5. Speed of Construction
6. Reduction in dead weight
7. Standardisation (collumns, beams, fixings etc)
Framed construction materials
1. Material requirements
  1. Dead to live load ratio
  2. Strength to weight ratio
  3. Depth to span ratio
  4. Strong, Stiff, Light
2. Factors affecting choice of material
  1. Size and nature of the sight
  2. Standardised structural members
  3. Speed of erection
  4. Costs
  5. Availability of labor and materials
  6. Fire resistance
  7. Technical constraints
3. Material choice for Framed construction
  1. Timber
  2. Iron
    1. Cast (brittle)
    2. Wrought (malleable)
  3. Steel
  4. Concrete
    1. In -situ reinforced
    2. Precast
    3. Pre-stressed (pre and post tension)
4. Fire resistance (full evacuation possible, control of fire)
5. Strength and stability (of materials, techniques, joints etc)
History of Framed Buildings
1. 1905- Rules for standard fire resisting
2. Empire State Building, NYC, 1931, 448m (steel frame
3. Blackpool tower 1894 (steel)
4. Flatiron building, NYC, 1902, 87m (steel frame)
5. Liver building, Liverpool, 1908 (Reinforced concrete)
6. Monadnock building, Chicago, 1891 (skyscraper, load bearing masonry)
7. St Pancreas Station 1868 (wrought iron)
8. Crystal Palace, Hyde Park 1851 ( Cast iron/ Wrought iron)
9. Eiffel Tower, 1887 (Wrought Iron)
10. Burj Dubai, UAE, 2009, 818m (concrete to 600m, steel to the top)
11. Ritz and Savoy hotel, early 1900's (first steel framed buildings)

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