NATURE

1. Environmental shaping of behaviour

   Nota:

   • "There is no such thing as an inheritance of capacity, talent, temperament and behavioural characteristics." Watson 1925
   1. INTERACTION

      Nota:

      • Contemporary researchers nw believe attributes such as intelligence, temperament & personality are the result of an interaction between biological predisposition & environmental forces.
      • "Biology + environment are as inseparable as conjoined twins who share a common heart." Halpern 1997
      1. Timing of Experience
         1. Internal models of experience interacts with maturation

            Nota:

            • eg: critical periods for attachment formation (Bowlby 1969).
      2. Behaviour Genetics influence on Social Systems
         1. Individual's genetic heritage may affect their environment & behaviour shown towards them.

            Nota:

            • eg: born with high IQ = more stimulating environment
      3. Vulnerability & Resilience
         1. Same environment can have different outcomes on different children due to different inherited characteristics

            Nota:

            • eg: some children in disadvantaged circumstances show no adverse effects.
         2. Some characteristics act as vulnerabilities + others protective factors

            Nota:

            • eg; high IQ = protective factor Irritable = vulnerability
      4. Psychoanalytic theory

         Nota:

         • Originated with Freud's Psychosexual Theory. Uncnscious motives usually repressed.
         1. Inborn instincts
         2. Parental child rearing practices
      5. Infants perception is limited + both maturational processes + experience contribute to perceptual awareness

         Nota:

         • Smith + Katz 1996
2. Internal Models of Experience
   1. Create schemes to interpret events based on previous experiences
   2. Universal process that is unique to each individual
3. Social Systems

   Nota:

   • eg: Family, community, culture
   1. how they interact to affect development.
4. Learning Theory

   Nota:

   • Behaviourism Watson believes children are tabula rasa
   • Skinner belives that development is a reflection of operant conditioning as children are passively shaped by reinforcers & punishments.
   1. Children are molded by their environments

      Nota:

      • Bandura Bobo Doll - modelling
   2. Observational learning
5. Empiricist philosophers believed that infants = tabula rasa who learns to interpret sensations.

Nota:

• eg; milestones, norms
• "Differences among people are due to differences in germ cells with which they were born." Wiggam 1923.

1. Genetically programmed, sequential patterns of change

   Nota:

   • eg: walking, talking
2. Universal
3. Immune to environment influence

1. Response patterns that constrain possible developmental pathways

   Nota:

   • eg: sucking, tracking objects
2. Universal
3. Inbuilt/pre-wired

1. Genetics contribute to inter-individual behavioural differences

   Nota:

   • eg; intelligence, depression, sociability
2. Universal

1. Born with biologically programmed behaviours that promote adaptive developments

   Nota:

   • Evolved through natural selection. Certain adaptive characteristics have sensitive periods.
2. Appropriate environment is necessary for successful adaption