Gerunds and Gerundives in Latin

Gerunds
1. noun made from a verb
2. translated as "the act of doing X"
3. it is a second declension neuter noun like "bellum" and declines likewise.
4. has no plural
5. never used in the nominative case or the accusative acting a s a direct object, instead in theses instances the infinitive is used.
  1. is used in the accusative however with prepositions that require an accusative object. (ie. ad)
6. conjugates as: Currendum, currendi, currendo, currendo
7. qualified by an adverb and not an adjective
8. "ad + gerund" creates a purpose to the verb, therefore "ad oppugnandum" is equivalent to "ut oppugnaret"
Gerundives
1. this is an adjective formed from a verb
2. it does not have a tense but does refer to a type of hypothetical future.
3. it is passive
4. created from the verb stem + characteristic vowel + -nd- +-a/-us/-um
5. the agent in a gerundive sentence is always in the dative
Gerundival attraction
1. this is where a gerund is transformed into a gerundive
2. as the gerund cannot take an object, if an object is introduced to the sentence, the gerund is forced to become a gerundive
3. if the gerund has a direct object, that noun changes to the case of the gerund, and the gerund changes into a geundive which agrees with it.

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