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790595
Research Methods
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Mapa Mental sobre Research Methods, creado por Kayleigh Wain el 25/04/2014.
Mapa Mental por
Kayleigh Wain
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Kayleigh Wain
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Resumen del Recurso
Research Methods
Evaluating research
1. Identification of the source
when, where, peer reviewed?
2. Analysis of argument
Theory? alternatives? concepts defined? hypothesis and questions appropriate?
3. Examination of methodology
Particpants representative? sample? design? reliability and validity
4. Evaluation of results
Appropriate stats? reliable and clearly presented results? results support hypothesis?
5. Analysis of conclusions and interpretations
Conclusions logical? overly speculative? alternative explanations explored? does it just re-state the results?
Experimental designs
Independent and dependent variables
1 tailed vs 2 tailed hypotheses
1 tailed - know the direction of outcome
2 tailed - don't know direction of outcome e.g. is there a difference at all?
Error - influence of other variables other than the IV
experimental designs involving groups of participants
Between participants
1 factor e.g. mood level and 2 or more conditions e.g. 30 mins exercise vs no exercise
Matched - when there are likely to be errors
Within participants/repeated measures
Each participant takes part in all conditions - looking at changes within person
More complex designs
Multi-level
more than 2 conditions from the IV
Factorial - more than one IV
Multivariate - more than one DV measured
Mixed - within and between participants measured
Covariate - covarying factors on DV subtracted out
Single participants
AB design - A (baseline) B (intervention)
ABAB design. Gap of time in between and repeated
Multiple baseline - lots of baselines taken then measured over time with intervention
Changing criterion design - changing intervention and measuring over time
Describing and displaying data
Descriptive vs Inferential statistics
Nominal data - labels, names
Ordinal - 1st, 2nd, agree disagree
Interval vs ratio - equal data. ratio has true zero
Measures of central tendancy - mean, median, mode
Measures of spread - range, variance, SD
Frequency distributions
Statistical tests of difference
1 independent variable 2 conditions
Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test
nonparametric
ordinal data
experimental design - repeated
Mann-Whitney U test
experimental design - independent
ordinal data
nonparametric
Related t-Test
experimental design - repeated
interval/ratio data
normal distribution
unrelated t-Test
experimental design - independent
normal distribution
interval/ratio data
there are others but ill have a job remembering those>>>
Correlation and regression
positive vs negative vs no correlation
regression
predicting score using the correlation (once you know X you can predict Y)
Multivariate analysis
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
A method of statistical analysis for analysing experiments where there are two or more variables. Also examines any interactions between variables
one-way related ANOVA
repeated measures or matched perform under all conditions of the variable
one way unrelated ANOVA
unrelated participants perform under each condition
two-way related ANOVA
complex parametric test examining interaction between 2 variables e.g noise level of child am vs pm and how well they do maths
two way unrelated ANOVA
unrelated - which treatment works best and is the SLT experienced or not?
two way mixed ANOVA
Statistical tests for Nominal data
Binomial sign test
each condition 50% - better or worse? yes or no?
Binomial test
2 conditions + expected and observed - significant difference?
Fisher's exact test
2 independent samples compared for a correlation
Chi-square test
Like fisher's exact test but bigger data and goodness of fit
tests of correlation/association
chi-square
nominal
non-parametric
spearman's rho
ordinal
non-parametric
pearson's r
interval/ratio
parametric
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