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Multi-Hazard Environment: The Philippines
Descripción
AS level Geography Mapa Mental sobre Multi-Hazard Environment: The Philippines, creado por Lauren Bradford el 08/03/2017.
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philippines
geography
as level
a level
gcse
case study
multi hazard environment
geography
as level
Mapa Mental por
Lauren Bradford
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Lauren Bradford
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Resumen del Recurso
Multi-Hazard Environment: The Philippines
Location
off the mainland of SE Asia
Consists of an archipelago of 7,000 islands
on western rim of Pacific Rim of Fire
Brings earthquakes and volcanoes
SItuated in an area where typhoons cross from Pacific towards SE Asia
Most exposed country in the world to typhoons
In past 2 decades has experienced over 300 natural disasters
VULNERABILITY
2013:
Severe Bohol earthquake
7 typhoons, including Haiyan
8 tropical storms
Volcanic eruptions
Cost to economy: 0.5% of national GDP
Most exposed in world to typhoons
Top - down approach to administration. Most vulnerable thus not catered for
Consists of over 7000 islands - too much responsibility falls to local government where money is not always wisely spent.
One government official: 'resources are stretched; even before we could recover from one disaster, here is the next one.'
According to World Bank Natural Disaster Hotspot List,, was 8th in the world for exposure to multiple hazards from 1990 to 2009.
74% of population are vulnerable
Environmental degradation - deforestation = rapid runoff = flooding and landslides
Fatalistic attitude - 'God's Will'
No land use planning - flimsy buildings
Urbanisation has exacerbated problem. Filipinos flocked to risky low lying areas for the cheap housing
Clear link between poverty and vulnerability
MANAGEMENT
Short term
Have relied upon a reactive approach rather than mitigation or avoidance
Failed to produce land use planning
A focus on post - disaster relief and short term preparedness such as evacuation rather than long term mitigation
Little local initiative - not community based administartion system,. but rather a top - down one. No emphasis on the most vulnerable.
Long Term
Philippine Red Cross started programmes at community level
reduce impacts of hazards by encouraging people to collaborate in protecting their lives and resources
Cooperation with government bodies to gain financial support for mitigation measures and ensure the programmes have long term sustainability
train local volunteers in disaster management
Dissemination of information to whole community
UN claims Philippines has some of the best risk reduction laws in the world - but most are still on paper
Recent government legislature: 70% of disaster spending must be used on long - term plans
EARTHQUAKES
leads to tsunamis, fires, landslides and human crime such as looting
Between 2000 and 2013, there were 17 earthquakes with a magnitude of at least 5.6
2013 Bohol: 7.2 magnitude, killed over 200, damage to tens of thousands of buildings
Philippine plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. They lock, and pressure builds. Eventually, seismic energy is released when they jerk free.
Also occur at fault lines, in which the plate cracks under pressure - The Philippine Fault Zone
Guinyangan fault - most destructive, minimum of 7.0 Richter Scale earthquakes
VOLCANOES
Approx. 23 active volcanoes on its islands
Lead to lahars
Near destructive plate boundary - Philippine plate subducts under Eurasian.
Islands formed by a combination of folding at the boundary. Volcanoes formed from rising magma.
ACTIVE VOLCANOES
MAYON
Most active
Last eruption 2014
Erupted nearly 50 times in last 400 years
Most destructive: 1814
Noted for its LAHARS
Volcanic ash mixes with heavy rainfall from tropical storms to produce rivers of mud
PINATUBO
1991: second largest eruption on planet in 20th century
early warnings saved 5000
Followed by Typhoon Yunya - final death toll 850
500,000 live within 40km of it
So violent that ash and gas ejected into upper atmosphere and affected global temps. for at least 2 years - avg. global temp down 0.5 degrees Celsius
TROPICAL DISTURBANCES
Most exposed country in the world to typhoons
Develop in Pacific and move westwards over the islands
Typhoon Haiyan
Risk of flooding, landslides and lahars (if combined with a volcano)
Account for the highest numbers of deaths from natural hazards in the Philippines
Mostly from storm surges
Around 10 typhoons a year
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