1. Personality tests seek to measure
one or more of the following: personality
traits, dynamic motivation, personal
adjustment, psychiatric
symptomatology, social skills, and
attitudinal characteristics
2. Each person is consistent to some extent; we have
coherent traits and action patterns that arise repeatedly -
second each person is distinctive to some extent;
behavioral differences exist between individuals
3. Id = a chaos, a cauldron of seething
excitement", entirely unconscious;; Ego =
conscious self;; Super ego = synonymous with
conscience and compromises the societal
standards of right and wrong
4. Defense mechanisms have three characteristics: 1. Their
exclusive purpose is to help the ego reduce anxiety created
by the conflicting demands of id, ego, and super ego and
external reality, 2. They operate unconsciously, 3. They
distort our inner and outer reality
5. Mature mechanisms of defense
appear to the beholder as convenient
virtues - an example is certain forms of
humor that do not distort reality but can
ease the burden of matters too terrible to
be borne
6. Type-A behavior patterns: 1. Insecurity of status,
2. Hyperaggressiveness, 3. Free-floating hostility, 4.
Sense of time urgency (hurry sickness)
1 = No matter how successful, they often compare themselves
to other individuals, 2 = a desire to dominate others and damage
their self esteem, 3 = Finding too many things to get upset
about, 4 = speeding up daily activities and doing many things at
once
Type A behavior patients were at greatly
increased risk of coronary disease and
heart attack
7. Phenomenological theories share a common
focus on the person's subjective experience,
personal worldview, and self-concept as the major
wellsprings of behavior
8. The Q-TECHNIQUE is a procedure for
studying changes in the self-concept, a key
element in Roger's self theory; AKA Q-SORT it
is especially useful for studying changes in
self-concept
9. Behaviorists believe that
behaviors that make up personality
are learned
10. Behavioral theorists
disagree mainly on the role that
cognitions play in determining
behavior
11. A problem with traits is their low predictive
validity - Mischel noted trait scales provided
coefficients with an upper limit of .3; he coined
the term personality coefficient to describe how
low it was
12. Many concede that five main trait for
personality provide a good way to look at
it overall = 1. Neuroticism, 2. Openness,
3. Extraversion, 4. Agreeableness, 5.
Contientiousness
13. The PROJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS is the
assumption that personal interpretations of
ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the
unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the
examinee
14. Lindzey divided projectives into five
categories: 1. Associations to inkblots or words,
2. Construction of stories or sequences, 3.
Completions of sentences or stories, 4.
Arrangement/selection of pictures or verbal
choices, 5. Expression with drawings or play
15. I administering the Rorschach, the examiner
sits on the examinee's side to minimize body
language communication
16. In the COMPLETED SENTENCE TASK the examiner
assumes that the underlying motivations, fears, etc of the
participant are reflected in the responses - there are
multiple opportunities to obtain various information about
different topics
17. The ROSENZWEIG PICTURE
FRUSTRATION STUDY requires the
examinee to produce a verbal response to
highly structured verbal-pictoral stimuli - the
PF study comes in three forms: child, ado,
and adult
18. The interscorer reliability of the PF study is
reportedly in the range of .8-.85 for well-trained,
conscientious examiners - test retest is stability of
the instrument is somewhere between fair and
marginal;; more appropriate for research than
individual assessment
19. There was no single preferred mode of
administration, no single preferred system of scoring,
and no single preferred method of interpretation - a
predicament that still endures today
20. Many clinicians do not use
projective methods as tests at all
but as auxiliary approaches to the
clinical interview