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Western Front in WW1
Descripción
GCSE History Mapa Mental sobre Western Front in WW1, creado por Hannah Keeble el 15/03/2017.
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history
gcse
Mapa Mental por
Hannah Keeble
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
Hannah Keeble
hace más de 7 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Western Front in WW1
Schlieffen Plan
Germany didn't want to fight a war on two fronts
France and Britain to the West
Russia to the East
Germany believed it would take 6 weeks for Russia to mobilise
The Plan
Attack France (through Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg) and defeat them before Russia could mobilise
Believed the Belgian army was weak and could be easily defeated
Believed the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) were no match for the Germans and would arrive too late to help France
Kaiser called then a 'contemptible little army'
Why it failed
Von Moltke changed Schlieffen's plan by sending some soldiers to fight the Russians - this weakened the German forces
The Belgians put up much more of a fight than was expected and this delayed the Germans
Slowed the German movement through France down
Gave the French time to move their forces to meet the Germans at the Marne
British Expeditionary Force was underestimated
Arrived in France much earlier than expected so Moltke had to call German forces from the Eastern Front to fight them
German exhaustion
Key battles
Marne, September 1914
5th September 1914 - Germans reached the River Marne
Plan changed from sweeping west round Paris to going east
German advancing armies left a gap between them
French took advantage and moved to protect Paris
British and French sent troops into the gap
Lasted 1 week
Germans were forced to retreat to bridge the gap
Marked the failure of the Schlieffen Plan
Race to the Sea, October-December 1914
In response to the Battle of the Marne the German forces raced north to try to block off the Channel ports
Try to stop British reinforcements
First Battle of Ypres, October 1914
Britain trying to defend the Channel Ports
British suffered 50,000 casualties, 8,000 dead
Germans suffered 20,000 casualties
End of the Race for the Sea
stalemate
Somme, July 1916
Sir Douglas Haig
Butcher of the Somme
First day was 1st July 1916
60,000 British casualties on this day
worst day in British military history
Finished in November 1916
420,000 British casualties total
Why?
Relieve the pressure on the French at Verdun
Continue policy of attrition - wearing the Germans down
Fresh troops from the British Empire
Events
artillery barrage ineffective
German dugouts too deep
barbed wire not cut
walk across No Man's Land
Tanks used for the first time in September
Spring Offensive, March 1918
German Commander, Ludendorff, began an offensive in March 1918
Why?
USA entered the war on the side of the British in 1917
Allies were getting stronger - maybe too strong to beat
The Communists in Russia pulled Russia out of the war in March 1917
Allies were currently weak as 1917 had been a bad year
Mutinies in the French army
British suffered huge casualties in the Third Battle of Ypres
Germany's allies were talking about surrendering
British naval blockade of Germany was beginning to take effect
Operation Michael began on 21st March 1918
advanced 8km on first day
British reinforced their lines with troops from Italy and the Middle East
23rd March - Haig issued the 'Backs to the Walls' order
French General Foche coordinated the Allied forces
Germans attacked Ypres in April
Germans attacked Verdun in May
French retreated 60km and were close to losing Paris
BUT
The American soldiers started to arrive in large numbers
The Germans had overstretched their supply lines
The Germans had lost 880,000 men by July and morale was low
The progress halted and now Germany had to defend a huge area
Trench Warfare
monotonous/boring
dug-outs up to 10m down
diseases
cholera
dysentry
typhus
lice
rats
all weather conditions
trench foot
food
'bully' beef
bread
rarely had hot meals
unclean water
zig zag trenches
barbed wire
No Man's Land
shell craters
trenches
front line
reserve
communication
shell shock
Weapons
Gas
First used by the Germans in October 1914
Chlorine gas
First used by Germans in April 1915
First Battle of Ypres
denser than air so got stuck in the trenches
63 poison gases by the end of the war
gas masks
started off as just weeing on some cloth
proper gas masks issued in 1915
artillery
creeping barrage was developed
line of artillery just in front of the soldiers moving forward
Tanks
First used during the Battle of the Somme
First success was at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917
474 tanks used
scary
problems
slow
hot inside
difficult to manoeuvre
got stuck in the mud
mechanically unreliable
machine gun bullets could get through
difficult to communicate instructions
Aircraft
aerial photography
direct artillery to targets
observe enemy troop movements
machine gun and bomb the enemy
unreliable at first
used effectively in Battle of Cambrai in 1917 and August offensive in 1918
How it ended
German Spring Offensive
Allied counter-offensive from 8th August 1918
Artillery bombardment, then aircraft attack, then troops and tanks
Forced the Germans to retreat
'Black Day of the German army'
Had to retreat past the Hindenburg Line
German weaknesses
exhausted
running out of troops
British naval blockade was effective
Allied strengths
Fresh American soldiers
United control under General Foch
Haig's effective leadership
use of tanks
Allies surrendered
September-October - Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria-Hungary surrender
British naval blockade was starving Germany
Recursos multimedia adjuntos
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