FATIMAH'S SOFT BONES

Psychological challenges that can face the elderly
1. Sedentary Lifestyle
  1. A lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity
    1. Risk factors
      1. CVD
      2. Obesity
      3. Osteoporosis
      4. Diabetes
      5. Hypertension
2. Depression
3. Substance abuse
4. Dementia
5. Paraphrenia
6. Causes
  1. Chronic illness
  2. Alzheimers
  3. Loss of a loved one
Generalised bone pain
1. Can be diagnosed as:
  1. Osteoporosis
  2. Rickets/osteomalacia
  3. Paget's
  4. Tumour
  5. Hyperparathyroidism
Bone histology
1. Bone tissue is formed of:
  1. Bone matrix
    1. Organic
    2. Inorganic
  2. Bone cells
    1. Osteoblasts
    2. Osteoclasts
    3. Osteocytes
    4. Osteoprogenitor cells
  3. Periosteum
  4. Types of bone tissue
    1. Spongy
    2. Compact
Vitamin D
1. Effect on serum
  1. Inc. Calcium
  2. Dec. Phosphate
2. Effect on bone
  1. Inc. Ca metabolism
3. Effect on GIT
  1. Inc. Ca absorption
Osteoporosis
1. Pathophysiology
  1. Excessive bone loss due to inc. in osteoclastic activity
2. Causes
  1. Vitamin D deficiency
  2. Estrogen deficiency
  3. Drugs (steroids)
  4. Ca deficiency
3. Signs & symptoms
  1. Generalised pain
  2. Immobility
  3. Shortened stature
  4. Vertebral/forearm/hip fractures
4. Diagnosis
  1. BMD/DEXA
  2. Xray/CT/MRI
  3. Physical examination
  4. Laboratory examinations
    1. Ca level
    2. Vitamin D
    3. Thyroid
    4. PTH
    5. Testosterone
    6. ALP
5. Management
  1. Non-pharmacological
    1. Lifestyle alterations
    2. Supplements
    3. Weight bearing exercises
  2. Pharmacological
    1. Bisphosphonates
    2. Estrogen receptor modulators
    3. Calcitonin
    4. Denosumab
    5. Teraparatide
Anatomy

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FATIMAH'S SOFT BONES

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