82498
Descripción
Mapa Mental por charlotte_1995, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por charlotte_1995
hace más de 11 años
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Carbonyl compounds
- The Carbonyl group
- C==O
- Aldehyde-......al
Ketone-.......one Carboxyllic
acid-.........anoic acid Acyl
chloride-........anoyl chloride
Amide-.......amide
Ester......anoate
- Aldehyde-......al
Ketone-.......one Carboxyllic
acid-.........anoic acid Acyl
chloride-........anoyl chloride
Amide-.......amide
Ester......anoate
- C==O
- Alcohols from aldehydes and ketones
- Primary alcohols oxides to aldehydes
and secondary to ketones
- Acidified potassium dichromate with sulfuric
acid - in equation just add (O) and make H20 in equation
- Orange to green colour change
- Orange to green colour change
- ROH+2(O)=RCOOH+H2O
- Acidified potassium dichromate with sulfuric
acid - in equation just add (O) and make H20 in equation
- Nucleophilic addition - C==0 becomes
polar - eectronegativity so the C can be
attacked by nucleophiles e.g. H-
- : to C and == to O
- O:- to H+
- Same mechanism
- Forms 2-hydroxy...........nitrile
- Forms 2-hydroxy...........nitrile
- O:- to H+
- RCHO+2(H)=RCH2OH
- : to C and == to O
- Primary alcohols oxides to aldehydes
and secondary to ketones
- Hydroxynitriiles from aldehydes and ketones
- Same but
- RCHO+HCN=RCH(OH)CN
- Can be turned into carboxylic acid
- RCH(OH)CN+H2O+H+=RCH)OH)COOH+NH4+
- RCH(OH)CN+H2O+H+=RCH)OH)COOH+NH4+
- Same but
- Esterification
- Test for carboxylic acids - reaction with
carbonates - effervescence
- Carboxylic acids + alcohol = ester + water
- RCOOH+ROH=RCOOR+H2O
- The OH from the
carboxylic acid and
H from alcohol for
the H20
- RCOOH+ROH=RCOOR+H2O
- Name the bit next to the 0 and
then the other bit and add oate
- Test for carboxylic acids - reaction with
carbonates - effervescence
- Uses of esters
- Food flavourings
- Manufacturing costs a lot less than extracting
- Manufacturing costs a lot less than extracting
- Plasticizers
- Added to polymers to let the molecules
slide over each other more easily
- Makes it ofter and more flexible e.g. PVC and uPVC
- Makes it ofter and more flexible e.g. PVC and uPVC
- Added to polymers to let the molecules
slide over each other more easily
- Food flavourings
- Oil fats and biodiesel
- Acid catalysed hydrolysis
- Heating under reflux conditions
with dilute HCl
- RCOOR+H2O=RCOOH+R2OH
- Lies to the left so doesn't work
very well
- Lies to the left so doesn't work
very well
- RCOOR+H2O=RCOOH+R2OH
- Heating under reflux conditions
with dilute HCl
- Base catalysed hydrolysis
- Heating under reflux conditions with NaOH
- RCOOR+NaOH=RCOO-Na++ROH
- Lies to the right so works better
but makes and acid and a salt
- Lies to the right so works better
but makes and acid and a salt
- RCOOR+NaOH=RCOO-Na++ROH
- Heating under reflux conditions with NaOH
- Vegetable oil
- Triglycerols - triester
- Hydrolysed by heating
with 3NaOH
- produces glycerol and
sodium carboxylate
- Glycerol used in cosmetics
and toothpaste
- Sodium carboxylate used as soap -
long chain represents the hydrophobic
end as its non polar so dissolves in oil
and greece
- Glycerol used in cosmetics
and toothpaste
- produces glycerol and
sodium carboxylate
- Biodiesel
- Heating with
3methanol and
3NaOH
- Base-catalysed
tranesterification
- Makes methyl
ester(biodiesel) lays on
top as it's denser and
glycerol
- Makes methyl
ester(biodiesel) lays on
top as it's denser and
glycerol
- Base-catalysed
tranesterification
- Heating with
3methanol and
3NaOH
- Hydrolysed by heating
with 3NaOH
- Triglycerols - triester
- Acid catalysed hydrolysis
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