Advanced English II

Modals and related Verbs
1. do not take "-s" in the third person.
2. use "not" to make modal verbs negative
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past or the future tenses
4. Can/Could
5. May/Might
6. Ought to
7. Shall/Should
8. Will/would
Mdals in the past
1. Can't have
  1. Certainty
2. Could
  1. Permision
  2. General ability
3. Could have
  1. Possibility
4. Didn't need to
  1. Unecessary action not done
5. Had to
  1. Obligation
6. May have
  1. Uncertainty
7. Might have
  1. Possibility
  2. Uncertainly
8. Must have
  1. Certainly
9. Needn´t have
  1. unnecessary actionj that was done
10. Ought to have
  1. Criticism
11. Should Have
  1. Expectation
12. Would have
  1. events in the past that never happened
Habits
1. Be used to
  1. indicates that someone has adapted to a new situation.
2. Get used to
  1. the process of something becoming normal for us
3. for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens
Relative Clauses
1. We use them to join two sentences or more information about something
2. Defining
  1. tell us which noun we are talking about
    1. I like the woman who lives next door
  2. "Who" for people
  3. "Which" for things
  4. "That" for things/people
3. Non-defining
  1. Gives extra info. we do not need to understand the sentence
    1. I live in London, which has some fantastic parks
  2. We use "who" "which"
  3. Do not use "that"
Clauses and Phrases
1. Phrase
  1. Has nouns or verbals
  2. Does not have a subject performing an action (Verb)
    1. Before the first test
    2. After the devastation
2. Clause
  1. Collection of words that has a subject performing an action
    1. because she smiled at me
    2. Since he is here
  2. Independent
    1. Sentence that stands by itself
  3. Dependent
    1. Sentence that doe not stand by itself
      1. Dependent marker
Habits II
1. Used to
  1. is used for past action that we no longer perform
    1. Can be used with all the verbs
2. Would
  1. is used for past action that we no longer perform
    1. Is ONLY used when the action involves movement
Cause, Purpouse and effect
1. Cause
  1. Why something happens
2. Purpose
  1. Goal you pretend to achieve
3. Effect
  1. What happens
The verb "get"
1. Get across
  1. To communicate
2. Get along/ Get on with
  1. Have a good relationship
3. Get around
  1. To avoid or spread somehing
4. Get at
  1. To reach or suggest something idirectly
5. Get away
  1. Ecape or obtain something
6. Get down
  1. Cause someone to be depressed
7. Get down to
  1. finally do something seriously. Reaching the point of dealing with it
8. Get over
  1. To overcome something
Opposition and contrast
1. Opposition
  1. When two ideas are opposite
    1. Black-White
2. Contrast
  1. When two ideas are not opposite but different
    1. Red-Blue
Present Habits
1. Actions that are repeted regulary over a long period of time
  1. Simple Present
    1. Usually uses adverbs of frequency (somehimes, one a week, etc)
  2. Will/won't + infinitive
    1. talk about behavoir and tendencies
  3. Keep + verb + -ing
    1. talk about repeated behavoir viewed negatively by the speaker
2. Annoying habits
  1. Always
    1. Is used to complain aabout something

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