Elements and Compounds

The Periodic Table
1. The first 20 elements:
  1. 1 - Hydrogen - H
    1. Non- metal
    2. 2 - Helium - He
      1. Non- metal
      2. 3 - Lithium - Li
        Metal
        4 - Beryllium - Be
        Metal
        5 - Boron - B
        Semi- metal
        6 - Carbon - C
        Non- metal
        7 - Nitrogen - N
        Non- metal
        8 - Oxygen - O
        Non- metal
        9 - Fluorine - F
        Non- metal
        10 - Neon - Ne
        Non- metal
        11 - Sodium - Na
        Metal
        12 - Magnesium - Mg
        Metal
        13 - Aluminium - Al
        Metal
        14 - Silicon - Si
        Semi- metal
        15 - Phosphorus - P
        Non- metal
        16 - Sulfur - S
        Non- metal
        17 - Chlorine - Cl
        Non- metal
        18 - Argon - Ar
        Non- metal
        19 - Potassium - K
        Metal
        20 - Calcium - Ca
        Metal
2. Other Common Elements:
  1. 29 - Copper - Cu
    1. Metal
    2. 26 - Iron - Fe
      1. Metal
      2. 79 - Gold - Au
        Metal
        82- Lead - Pb
        Metal
        47 - Silver - Ag
        Metal
        30 - Zinc - Zn
        Metal
        80 - Mercury - Hg
        Metal
        53 - Iodine - I
        Non- metal
        35 - Bromine - Br
        Non- metal
        50 - Tin - Sn
        Metal
Elements
1. They are pure substances made up of only one type of atoms
  1. Pure substance means that it cannot be separated physically, and it is the same regardless of the source
    1. Compounds are also pure substances, but they are made up of two or more different elements chemically bound together in a definite ratio
2. Cannot be decomposed into more substances by chemical means
3. Some exist as two atoms chemically bonded together (diatomic molecules)
  1. Molecules can be made of different elements or the same- compounds have to be different
Atoms
1. Smallest part of whole matter
2. Made up of protons, electrons and neutrons
  1. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus
  2. Symbols and Relative Mass:
    1. Proton - P - 1
      1. Positive
      2. Neutron - n - 1
        Neutral
        Electron - e - 1/2000
        Negative
Our Changing View of the Atom
1. "Atoms are the building blocks of matter" - Early Greek philosophers - 400 B.C.E
  1. "Negative electrons are embedded in a sea of positive charge" - J.J Thompson - 1898-1903
    1. "Positive charge is located within a central nucleus" - Ernest Rutherford - 1911
      1. "Electrons are in circular orbits with quantized energy levels" - Neils Bohr - 1913
        "Electrons occupy regions of space whose shape is described by complex mathematical equations" - Quantum Mechanics - Modern Model
        The Bohr Model:
        Electrons in shells
        Can be up to 2 electrons in the 1st shell, up to 8 electrons in shells 2 and 3, and up to 18 in 4th shell
        Number of electrons= atomic number

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