Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus
1. > Contains hereditary material and controls cell activity.
2. > Nuclear envelope - double membrane - controls entry & exit.
3. > Nuclear pores - allow passage of large molecules.
4. > Nucleoplasm - jelly-like material.
5. > Chromosomes - linear DNA.
6. > Nucleolus - manufactures RNA.
Mitochondria
1. > Double membrane. Inner two membranes is cristae.
2. > Cristae - large surface area for enzymes.
3. > Matrix - controls reproduction of proteins.
4. > Produce ATP, site of aerobic respiration.
Ribosomes
1. Site of protein-synthesis.
2. > 80s - eukaryotic cells.
3. > 70s - prokaryotic cells.
Cell Wall
1. > Cellulose - strong, stops cell from bursting. To give mechanical strength to the plant.
Lysosomes
1. Formed when vesicles produced by Golgi contain proteases and lipases.
2. > Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells.
3. > Digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals that they are made out of can be reused.
4. > Completely break down cells after they have become inactive.
Golgi Apparatus
1. Modifies and labels proteins.
2. > Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
3. > Produce secretary enzymes.
4. > Transport, modify and store lipids.
5. > Form lysosomes.
Vacuoles
1. > Tonoplast - single membrane. Makes cells turgid. Sugars and amino acids act as a temporary store. Pigments may attract pollinating insects.
Endoplasmic reticulum
1. > RER: ribosomes, provide large surface area for protein-synthesis.
2. > SER: no ribosomes, synthesise, store and transport lipids. Synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts
1. > Carry out photosynthesis.
2. > Chloroplast envelope - double membrane.
3. > Grana - stacks of thylakoids (contain chlorophyll)
4. > Stroma - second stage of photosynthesis. Contains starch grains.

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	Creado por Lauren Pitcher hace más de 7 años