Língua inglesa (Determiners and pronouns)

Pronoun forms
1. Object
  1. Use me/ us/ you/ him/ her/ them after prepositions (for/ to/ at/ with/ etc). Ex.: This letter isn't for you. It's for me.
  2. it/ them. Ex.: They're nice. I like them.
  3. Use object pronoun forms after the verb in afirmative phrases. Ex.: Tom knows me
2. Subject
  1. I/ you/ he/ she/ it / we/ you/ they
  2. Use subject pronoun forms before the verb in afirmative phrases.
Possessive adjectives
1. Use my/ our/ your/ her/ his/ their/ its + a noun. Ex.: I like my job.
2. his/ her/ their. Ex.: Her car (= Am's car)
3. its/it's. Ex.: Hawaii is famous for its beaches.. It's a beautiful place.
4. Use possessive adjectives after the verbs with a noun in afirmative phrases. It's my car.
Demonstrative pronouns
1. This/ that/ these/ those.
  1. Use this/that with the signular noun. Ex.: Do you like this picture?
  2. Use these/those with the plural noun. Ex.: Who are those people?
  3. Use demonstrative pronouns with a noun or without a noun.
Possessive pronouns
1. mine/ yours/ his/ hers/ ours/ yours/ theirs without a noun. Ex.: These books are mine, but this newspaper is yours (=your newspaper.
2. his with or without a noun. Ex.: Is this his camera? Is it his?
3. we say: a friend of mine/his/ etc.
4. Whose...? Ex.: Whose book is this?(=Is it your book?)
  1. you can use whose with or without a noun.
5. Use possessive pronouns after the verbs without a noun in afirmative phrases.
Reflexive pronouns
1. myself/ himself/ herself/ yourself/ yourselves/ ourselves/ themselves. Ex.: I looked at myself.
2. By myself/ by yourself, etc = alone. Ex.: I went on vacation by myself. (=I went on vacation alone)
3. -selves and each other. Ex.: I looked at myself and Tom looked at himself.
friend's and friend'
1. We normally use -'s (not of...) for people. Ex.: I stayed at my sister's house. (not: The house of my sister)
2. You can use -'s without a noun. Ex.: Mary's hair is longer than Ann's. (=Ann's hair)
3. We wrtie -'s after singular and -' after plural.
4. We use of ... (not usually -'s) for things, places, etc.
Determiners One/Ones
1. Mean a person or thing, especially when there are other people or things of the same type or kind.
2. Use one when to mean 'a/an ...'. Ex.: Would you like one (= a cookie)?
3. Use one when in singular form.
  1. 'this/that one'. Ex.: Which car is yours? This/that one?
  2. 'the one...'. Ex.: Which hotel did you stay at? The one near the airport.
  3. 'The ... one'. Ex.: I don't like the black coat but I like the brown one.
  4. 'a/an ... one'. Ex.: This cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one?
4. Use ones when in plural form.
  1. 'The...ones'. Ex.: Which flowers do you want? The white ones.
  2. Not use ones when use these/those. Ex.: Ex.: Which flowers do you want? These or those?
  3. '(some)...ones'. Ex.: These cups are dirty. Can we have some clean ones?
  4. 'The ones...'. Ex.: Which books are yours? The ones on the table.
Determiners some/any
1. Use some in positive sentences. Ex.: I'm going to buy some eggs.
2. Use any in negative sentences. Ex.: I'm not going to buy any eggs.
3. Usually use some (not any) when we offer things (would you like some...?). Ex.: Would you like some coffee?
4. Use some whe we ask for things. Ex.: can I have some...?/can you lend me some...?
5. In most questions (but not all) we use any. Ex.: Is there any ice in the freezer?
Determiners not + any/ no/ none
1. not+any. Ex.: I'm not going to do any work this evening.
2. Use no...=not+any/not+a especially after have/has and there is/are. Ex.: he has no money (=He doesn't have any money).
3. negative verb+any/positive verb+no. Ex.: I don't have any friends or I have no friends (but not: I don't have no friends.
4. Use no+noun. Ex.:I can't wait. I have no time.
5. Use none alone (without a noun). Ex.: How many mistakes did you make? None. (=no mistakes)
6. none=zero. None is an answer for 'How much?/How many? (things or people). Ex.: How much money do you have? None (=no money).
7. No one=nobody. No one is an answer for who? Ex.: Who did you meet? No one (=nobody).
Determiners not + anybody/ anyone/ anything/ nobody/ no one/ nothing
1. not_anybody/anyone, nobody/no one (for people).
2. not + anything, nothing (for things).
3. -body and -one the same. Ex.: I don't know anybody (or anyone).
4. nobody = not+anybody/no one=not+anyone/nothing=not+anything
5. You can use nobody/no one/nothing at the beginning of a setence or alone (without other words).
6. negative verb+anybody/anyone/anything
7. positive verb+nobody/no one/nothing
Determiners some-/ any-/ no- + -body/-one/ -thing/ -where
1. Somebody (someone)/ anybody (anyone)/ nobody (no one)= a person, but we don't know who.
2. Something/anything/nothing = a thing, but we don't know what.
3. Somewhere/anywhere/nowhere = in a place, but we don't know where.
4. Use any + body/ one/ thing/ where in questions.
5. use not + any + body/ one/ thing/ where in questions.
6. You can use something/ anybody/ nowhere, etc. + to...
Determiners every, everybody/ everything, etc
1. Use every + singular noun (every house/ every country/ every time, etc)
2. Use a singular verb (is/ was/ has, etc) after every...
3. Use every on all day/ morning/ evening/ night/ summer of the week.
4. Use all on the complete day/ morning/ evening/ night/ summer from beginning to end.
5. Use a singular verb after everybody/ everyone (people)/ everything (things)
Determiners all, most, some, no/ none, any
1. Use all/ most/ some/ no/ any + noun
2. Don't use of in these sentences. Ex.: Most children like playing (not: Most of children)
  1. But use most + of + the/ this/ that/ these/ those/ my/ your, etc.
3. Use all (of) the.../ all (of) my..., etc, with or without of.
4. All of it/ them/ us/ you/
Determiners both, either, nether
1. Use both/ either/ neither to talk about two things or people. Ex.: Rosa has two children. Both are married.
2. Use both + plural noun.
3. Use either/neither + singular noun.
4. Use both/ either/ neither of + the/ those/ these/ my/ your/ 's
  1. You can also say both + the/ those/ my without of.
5. Use both of them/ neither of us/ them/ you.
Determiners a lot, much, many
1. Use much + uncountable noun.
2. Use many + plural noun.
3. Use a lot of + uncountable or plural noun.
  1. Don't use a lot of without noun. We use a lot. Ex.: He eats a lot.
4. Use much in questions and negative sentences.
5. Use many and a lot (of) in all kinds of sentences.
6. Sometimes much or a lot mean often.
Determiners (a) little, (a) few
1. 'a little' is a positive idea (=some but not much) and 'little' is a negative idea (=nearly no... or nearly nothing).
2. 'a few' is a positive ide (=some but not many) and 'few' is a negative idea (=nearly no...).
3. Use (a) little + uncountable noun and (a) few + plural noun.

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