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Changes in Surgery (1845-1945)
Descripción
Changes in surgery
Sin etiquetas
gcse history
medicine through time
surgery
history
changes in medicine 1845-1945
a-level
Mapa Mental por
Niamh MacElvogue
, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por
Niamh MacElvogue
hace más de 10 años
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Resumen del Recurso
Changes in Surgery (1845-1945)
Anaesthetics
Ether
Worked because patient felt no pain
American dentist called William Moston
Put patients to sleep for a short time
However: It irritated eyes and caused coughing and vomiting
1846
Chloroform
1847
James Simpson, Scottish doctor
Worked but fear of long term side effects
Some believed that it was unnatural to ease women's labour pains
Hannah Greener died after being given chloroform which heightened controversy
1848
1857
Final breakthrough
Queen Victoria used chloroform in the birth of her 8th baby
Became common as backed by the Queen
Pain was an obstacle as it could put people off having life saving operations
Antiseptic Surgery (fighting germs)
Carbolic Acid - Joseph Lister
Decided to use carbolic acid after reading Pasteur's report
He wanted to find a way to kill germs rather than just preventing them
Made the connection that germs were coming from doctors' hands
Used it to spray anything that might come into contact with the wound
Problems
Cracked surgeon's skin and irritated
Made everything smell
For people who still believed that speed was the key, it slowed them down too much
It was expensive
Doctors didn't like being told what to do
It didn't work as effectively for some surgeons because they weren't as systematic
1867 the English surgeon began to develop his antiseptic
went on to use sterilised tools
Aseptic Surgery (preventative)
Germ theory - 1861, Pasteur's recommendations
Have clean hands
Have clean instruments (rapidly heated - sterilised)
Use only lint bandages and sponge previously heated to 130-150 degrees
From 1887, all interments were steam sterilised
German surgeons developed techniques to keep the germs away
These techniques became common in the operating theatre
1889 - Halstead introduced latex gloves after problems with sore hands due to carbolic acid
Protected patient as well as surgeon
Also introduced caps, masks and gowns to surgery
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