93926
Science Vs Ethics
- MILGRAMS OBEDIENCE STUDY
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
- Milgram's research
has had a lasting
impact on
psychological
studies in many
ways.
- Influenced several
other subsequent
studies, which is
one main
evaluation of the
benefits of the
scientific method,
- The results from the
study were
counter-intuitive, as
Milgram stated in an
interview before the
study, that he
believed that no one
would willingly obey
unjust orders.
- As the results were
counter intuitive, they
have more resonance
and relevance.
- HOWEVER
- These findings aren't
without criticism. Mandel
(1998) shows a case of
a group of policemen in
the holocaust who
behaved quite
differently, for example,
being physically close to
their victims did not
make them disobey.
- Mandel stated that Milgram was
providing an "obedience alibi" and
people are really motivated to do unjust
things by other reasons (for example in
the holocaust, Nazi's were influenced by
their prejudice towards Jews).
- Mandel stated that Milgram was
providing an "obedience alibi" and
people are really motivated to do unjust
things by other reasons (for example in
the holocaust, Nazi's were influenced by
their prejudice towards Jews).
- These findings aren't
without criticism. Mandel
(1998) shows a case of
a group of policemen in
the holocaust who
behaved quite
differently, for example,
being physically close to
their victims did not
make them disobey.
- HOWEVER
- As the results were
counter intuitive, they
have more resonance
and relevance.
- Influenced several
other subsequent
studies, which is
one main
evaluation of the
benefits of the
scientific method,
- Milgram's research
has had a lasting
impact on
psychological
studies in many
ways.
- ETHICAL COSTS
- Psychological harm,
- Lack of right to withdraw.
- Participants were
observed to "sweat,
tremble, stutter, bite their
lips, groan, and dig their
finger nails into their
flesh".
- HOWEVER
- Milgram defended
himself in several ways,
firstly stating that he
was unaware of the
psychological harm that
would befall the
participants.
- Secondly, he asked participants
afterwards if they had found the
experiment distressing. The interview
showed that 84% of people were glad
to have participated, and 74% felt
they had learned something of
personal importance.
- Milgram also
claimed that his
research was
criticised by his
findings, not the
actual methods
that he used.
- Milgram also
claimed that his
research was
criticised by his
findings, not the
actual methods
that he used.
- Secondly, he asked participants
afterwards if they had found the
experiment distressing. The interview
showed that 84% of people were glad
to have participated, and 74% felt
they had learned something of
personal importance.
- Milgram defended
himself in several ways,
firstly stating that he
was unaware of the
psychological harm that
would befall the
participants.
- Participants were
observed to "sweat,
tremble, stutter, bite their
lips, groan, and dig their
finger nails into their
flesh".
- Lack of right to withdraw.
- Psychological harm,
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
- ZIMBARDO'S PRISON STUDY
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
- Similarly to
Milgram,
Zimbardo showed
the effect of
situational factors
on behaviour.
- Hoped the findings
would change the way
that prisons were run.
- HOWEVER
- There is little evidence to show that this
experiment has had an effect on the way
that prisons are run, in fact, prisons have
become more inpersonal over the years.
- There is little evidence to show that this
experiment has had an effect on the way
that prisons are run, in fact, prisons have
become more inpersonal over the years.
- HOWEVER
- Similarly to
Milgram,
Zimbardo showed
the effect of
situational factors
on behaviour.
- ETHICAL COSTS
- Lack of informed consent.
- Guards became more violent.
- Five prisoners were released
early due to extreme
depression.
- Study was stopped after six days.
- Study was stopped after six days.
- Five prisoners were released
early due to extreme
depression.
- HOWEVER
- Zimbardo could never
have predicted the harm
that would be caused to
participants. Furthermore
Aronson (1999) points
out that humans are
actually quite resillient in
recovering from
ditressing studies.
Although Savin (1973)
believed that the "ends
did not justify the
means".
- Zimbardo could never
have predicted the harm
that would be caused to
participants. Furthermore
Aronson (1999) points
out that humans are
actually quite resillient in
recovering from
ditressing studies.
Although Savin (1973)
believed that the "ends
did not justify the
means".
- Guards became more violent.
- Lack of informed consent.
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
- CASE STUDY OF HM
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
- Case studies provide rich detail
into individual events that have
happened, and the study of HM's
memory over 40 years gave a
detailed insight into human
memory.
- HOWEVER
- There have been several anonymus studies that
have given insight into human memory, and more
recently there have been brain scans used on
those with normal memory.
- There have been several anonymus studies that
have given insight into human memory, and more
recently there have been brain scans used on
those with normal memory.
- HOWEVER
- Case studies provide rich detail
into individual events that have
happened, and the study of HM's
memory over 40 years gave a
detailed insight into human
memory.
- ETHICAL COSTS
- Issues with conformed consent, as
HM could not remember anything
new for longer than 90 seconds, he
could never be truly informed of what
he was participating in.
- HOWEVER
- At this time, his parents were
alive and very capable of giving
informed consent for HM.
- HOWEVER
- After both HM and his parents had
died, HM's brain was sliced up and
given to the university of California,
which nobody could have given
consent for.
- After both HM and his parents had
died, HM's brain was sliced up and
given to the university of California,
which nobody could have given
consent for.
- HOWEVER
- At this time, his parents were
alive and very capable of giving
informed consent for HM.
- HOWEVER
- Issues with conformed consent, as
HM could not remember anything
new for longer than 90 seconds, he
could never be truly informed of what
he was participating in.
- SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS
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