Human Biology 2A

Scientific Methoc
1. Hypotheses
2. Experimental Errors
  1. Human Error
  2. Random Error
  3. Systematic Errors
3. Ethics
  1. Ethical Behaviour
  2. Ethical Standards
    1. voluntary participation
    2. informed consent
    3. risk of harm
    4. confideniality
    5. anonymity
4. Variables
  1. independant
  2. dependant
  3. uncontrolled
  4. controlled
5. Placebos
  1. The Placebo Effect
Cells Exchange Materials
1. Cell Requirements
  1. tissue fluid
  2. homeostatsis environment
2. cell theory
3. Cell Membrane
  1. structure of cell membrane
  2. transport across cell membrane
    1. differentially permeable
    2. permeable
    3. processes
      1. active
        vesicular transport
        vesicles
        endocytosis
        phagocytosis
        pinocytosis
        exocytosis
      2. passive
        diffusion
        osmosis
        Osmotic Pressure
        diffusion gradient
        concentration gradient
      3. Carrier mediated
        facilitated diffusion
        active transport
4. cell size
  1. surface area/ volume ratio
5. Cell Structure
  1. cytoplasm
  2. organelles
    1. centrioles
    2. ER
      1. smooth
      2. rough
    3. golgo appartus
    4. mitochrondria
    5. ribosomes
    6. nucleus
      1. nuclear membrane
        nuclear pores
      2. nucleoplasm
      3. nucleolus
    7. cytosketelon
DNA
1. Structure of DNA
  1. chromatin
    1. chromosomes
      1. genes
        genetic code
  2. histones
  3. double helix
    1. phosphate back bone
    2. complementary base pairing
2. replication of DNA
3. Role of DNA
  1. protein synthesis
    1. gene expression
  2. lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
  3. types of nucleic acids
    1. DNA
      1. nDNA
      2. mtDNA
    2. RNA
      1. mRNA
      2. tRNA
4. Mitochrondrial DNA
  1. inheritance of mtDNA
5. difference between nDNA and mtDNA
Cell Metabolism
1. anabolism
2. catabolism
3. enzymes
  1. activation site
  2. activation energy
  3. substrate
  4. lock and key diagram
  5. factors affecting enzyme activity
    1. concentration
    2. temperature
    3. pH levels
    4. co-factors
      1. co-enzymes
4. cellular respiration
  1. energy
    1. ATP
      1. uses of energy discount
    2. ADP
  2. aerobic resp.
    1. ETS
    2. Kreb's Cycle
  3. Anaerobic resp.
    1. oxygen debt
5. synthesis
6. nutrients
  1. water
  2. carbs
  3. lipids
  4. proteins
  5. minerals
  6. vitamins

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