Mer Scott
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(GI and Renal + Blood and Acid-Base) HUBS192 Test sobre RUS L35 - 39, creado por Mer Scott el 29/09/2017.

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RUS L35 - 39

Pregunta 1 de 27

1

Chronic renal failure can cause anaemia.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 27

1

Which of these is an unhealthy glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 22L/hour

  • 150L/day

  • 125mL/min

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement about renal blood flow.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • It requires high pressure.

  • It is 20-25% of cardiac output.

  • It is at a rate of about 2-2.4L/min.

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 27

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

There are forces which drive glomerular filtration and those that oppose it. The effective filtration pressure is always about ( +10, +20, +30 )mmHg. You can calculate it by adding together the forces that drive filtration (glomerular ( hydrostatic, osmotic ) pressure and capsular ( osmotic, hydrostatic ) pressure) and minusing the forces that oppose filtration (glomerular ( osmotic, hydrostatic ) pressure and capsular ( hydrostatic, osmotic ) pressure). Remember that ( capsular, glomerular ) osmotic pressure is negligible i.e. zero.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 27

1

Which equation describes renal clearance?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Cs = (Us x V) / Ps (clearance of substance is equal to the concentration of the substance in the urine, times the volume of urine per unit time, divided by the concentration of the substance in the plasma)

  • Cs = (Ps x V) / Us (clearance of substance is equal to the concentration of the substance in the plasma, times the volume of urine per unit time, divided by the concentration of the substance in the urine)

  • Cs = (Us / V) x Ps (clearance of substance is equal to the concentration of the substance in the urine, divided by the volume of urine per unit time, times the concentration of the substance in the plasma)

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement about glomerular filtration rate(GFR).

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The GFR declines slowly with age.

  • To measure renal clearance we need a molecule that is not reabsorbed, secreted, or metabolised

  • Inulin or creatinine can be used to calculate GFR but inulin is commonly used clinically because it is a waste product of the muscles, whereas creatinine must be injected

  • GFR is fairly normal even if only 'one kidney' is intact. (half of nephrons)

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 27

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The filtration fraction is the amount of the plasma (non-cellular component of blood—red blood cells are too big) which is filtered through the glomerulus. It can be calculated by ( multiplying, dividing ) the glomerular filtration rate by the renal ( plasma, blood ) flow rate. (The renal plasma flow rate can be taken as ( half, 20-25% ) of the renal blood flow, i.e. if renal blood flow is 1.25L/min, renal plasma flow is ( 625ml, 125ml )/min.)
The equation is then ( FF = GFR x RPF, FF = GFR / RPF ).

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 27

1

The filtered load is the amount of substance filtered per minute. Choose the best equation for filtered load.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • FL = GFR x Ps

  • FL = GFR x Cs

  • FL = Ps / GFR

  • FL = Cs / GFR

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 27

1

Choose all the molecules that are ONLY ever reabsorbed in the nephron's tubules. (In a healthy person.)

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Water

  • Glucose

  • Na+

  • Cl-

  • Ca++

  • dopamine

  • bile salts

  • K+

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 27

1

Which of these molecules can be both secreted and reabsorbed in the nephron's tubules?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • K+

  • NH3

  • H+

  • HCO3

  • urea

  • Na+

  • Water

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 27

1

PAH (p-aminohippurate) is only ever secreted in the nephron, and this secretion is always active.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement about the proximal convoluted tubule.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • It is the site of bulk reabsorption—66% of water, Na+, and Cl- are reabsorbed.

  • All of glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in it.

  • Half of urea is reabsorbed in it.

  • Organic acids and drugs are secreted into it.

  • 90% of HCO3 is reabsorbed in it.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 27

1

There are 4 sites of Na+ reabsorption:
66% of Na+ is reabsorbed in the .
25% of Na+ is reabsorbed in the .
5% of Na+ is reabsorbed in the .
3% of Na+ is reabsorbed in the .

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    proximal convoluted tubule
    thick ascending limb
    thin ascending limb
    distal convoluted tubule
    collecting duct
    convoluted duct

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 27

1

Choose the correct statement about transporters.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Na+ is transported by luminal membrane transporters in tight epithelium.

  • Na+ is transported by channels in leaky epithelium.

  • Glucose uses Na+ dependent transporters (SGLT1 or SGLT2) to move into the cell from the filtrate.

  • Glucose uses Na+ dependent transporters, GLUT1 or GLUT 2, to move into the blood out of the cell.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 27

1

The normal filtered load of glucose should be 0.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 27

1

In leaky epithelium such as the , the water permeability is high. Water can be reabsorbed via the paracellular or transcellular pathway. ADH, aquaporins AQP1 and AQP2 move into the membrane to move water into the cell. AQP3 and AQP4 move water out of the cell.
In tight epithelium such as the , water permeability is low. The only aquaporin used is .

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    PCT
    collecting duct
    With
    Without
    apical
    basolateral
    AQP2
    AQP1
    AQP3
    AQP4

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 27

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The loop of Henle in the ( juxtamedullary, cortical ) nephrons is crucial for production of concentrated urine, i.e. it is important for ( reabsorbing, excreting ) the water and NaCl. The thin descending limb removes ( water, naCl ) (i.e. it is leaky) while the thick ascending limb removes ( NaCl, water )(i.e. it is tight).

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 27

1

Which of these are appropriate average values for total body water?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Males - 42L, Females - 38.5L

  • Males - 32L, Females - 28.5L

  • Males - 52L, Females - 48.5L

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 27

1

Typical NaCl concentration in the body (ICF/ECF) is 145mM. This means typical fluid osmolarity is around:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 145mosmol/L

  • 290mosmol/L

  • 72.5mosmol/L

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 27

1

The kidneys are crucial for maintaining body water balance. If a person's water intake was 2400mL in a day, what could be a reasonable value for water excretion contribution by the kidneys?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • ~400mL

  • ~2000mL

  • ~1400mL

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 27

1

Reabsorption of water in the PCT is driven by Na+ reabsorption and is isotonic.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 27

1

Primary urine in the PCT is . Due to water reabsorption in the tDLH, it becomes . It turns due to Na+ reabsorption in the TAL, and can become hypertonic again in the during .

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    isotonic
    hypertonic
    hypotonic
    collecting duct
    DCT
    anti-diuresis
    diuresis

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Water moves to areas of low osmolarity

  • Dehydration increases ECF osmolarity due to water loss, and water moves out of the ICF (shrinks cells)

  • Hyperhydration decreases ECF osmolarity due to water gain, and water moves into the ICF (cells swell)

  • ADH alters the permeability of the collecting duct

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 27

1

With ADH, the collecting duct is relatively permeable to water and 8% of filtered water can be excreted.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement about isosmotic losses.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Isosmotic losses can be things like diarrhoea, vomiting, and bleeding

  • No ECF/ICF osmolarity gradient will be produced

  • Volume loss is restricted to ICF

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 27

1

Choose the incorrect statement about isosmotic gains.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Isosmotic gains can be caused by renal failure

  • ECF volume increases

  • Cells will be affected

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 27

1

There are two systems for regulating fluid gains and losses.
An osmotic change (just water loss/gain) will be . This effects cells. It can be corrected with changes, which is a response system.
An isosmotic change will be . This causes changes to blood pressure and volume which the heart can cope with. It can be corrected via , which is a response system.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    spread between the ICF and ECF
    limited to the ECF
    ADH release
    Na+ excretion/retention
    fast
    slow

Explicación

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