Pre-Natal Brain Development

What is the process of apoptosis cell death?

How does necrosis cause inflamation?

What is the dark side of apoptosis?

What are the two triggers of apoptosis in neurons?

How has it been seen a cell will kill itself if it doesn't get the chemicals it needs?

What is the most prominent life preserving chemical class for axons been discovered?

What do neuron growth factor do?

During the period of cell death, what is likely to occur to neurons which have established incorrect connections?

What do dead axons create? And takes it's place?

What does the mass neuron death lead to?

What increases the selectivity of transmission in synapse rearrangement?

What is one complication researchers face in looking at the chemical signals exchanged between two neurons?

For a brain to function it must be wired according to a specific plan, but what has research found?

Why is neuron death a normal and important part of neurodevelopment?

What type of process was neuron death assumed to be, but has since been ruled out?

What is the active process which causes neuron death in development?

What is the names of active cell death and passive cell death?

Why is apoptosis safer than necrosis?

The patterns of proliferation and migration are different for...

Migration for what type of cell is particularly complex?

Where is the neural crest?

What is the neural crest formed from?

What does the neural crest develop into?

Many cells from the neural crest migrate...

Some of the guidance molecules are released by, what?

What is aggregation?

What is thought to mediate both migration and aggregation?

Where are cell-adhesion molecules located?

What do cell-adhesion molecules have the ability to do?

What effect has been seen of removing even one cell-adhesion molecule? What does this finding suggest?

What has particularly been found to be prevalent during brain development?

What are gap junctions?

Regarding gap junctions, what is there increasing evidence of?

What happens once neurons have migrated and aggregated?

Regarding axon growth, for the nervous system to function, what must occur?

What as at each growing top of an axon/dendrite?

How many growth cones reach their correct target?

Who conducted a series of studies which first demonstrated axons are capable of precise growth, giving a suggestion on how it occurs?

What is Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis of axon development?

In the womb, what three important processes occur?

What support is there for the chemoaffinty hypothesis?

What does the chemoaffinity hypothesis fail to account for?

What is cells differentiation?

What are the five steps of neuron development?

What happens three weeks after conception?

What is the neural plate?

What are three layers of embryobic cells? Which is the most outer one?

According to the revised notion, what occurs with growing axons?

What is the first major stage of neurodevelopment in all vertebrates?

What seems to induce the development of the neural plate?

Apart from chemicals, what else gives signals to growing axons to guide them?

Which layer is referred to as the organiser?

What is found when tissue from the dorsal mesoderm from one embryo is en-planted beneath the ventral extoderm of another embryo?

What are pioneer growth cones?

What happens when the neural plate becomes visible?

What is the process of fasciculation?

What are cells of neural plate often referred to as , and what are their characteristics?

What happens as neural plate develops into the neural tube?

Why are the cells which become specified as future gigal cells during transition from neural plate to neural tube called gilal stem cells and neural stem cells?

What does much of the axonal development in complex nervous systems involve?

Whyt do stem cells have an almost unlimited capacity for self-renewal?

Why do stem cells cultures not last forever?

Stem cells ability to become any cells is being tested for what?

What was the original notion of how developing nervous system of topographical relations was maintained? But how has this changed?

In around 21 days, what happens to the neural plate? Then what happens three days after that?

What does the inside of the neural tube eventually become?

After 40 days of conception, 3 swellings are visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube, what do they become?

What happens when the neural tube is formed?

What does the topographic gradient hypothesis try to explain?

What is the characteristics of neural proliferation?

Where does most cell division in the neural tube occur?

What is the topographic gradient hypothesis?

What is the key part of the topographic gradient hypothesis?

What does the proliferation sequence in different parts of the neural tube reflect in most species?

What evidence is there for the topographic gradient hypothesis?

What is the complex pattern of proliferation controlled by?

What must axons do when they have reached their intended sites?

A single neuron can grow an axon on it's own, but what does it take to form a synapse?

What is synaptogenesis?

What is the process of migration?

What does synaptogenesis depend on?

During the migration stage, what are cells like?

What are the two major factors governing migration in the developing neural tube?

What has been found in retinal ganglion cells maintained in culture, regarding astrocytes?

In the early theories about the role of astrocytes in synaptogenesis, what role did they have? Why was this?

What happens in a given region of the tube?

What are the two methods which cells migrate?

What does current evidence suggest the role of astrocyles in synaptogenesis?

What is somal translocation?

What are the two types of cues in somal transolaction?

When does glilia-mediated migration occur?

What is glilia-mediated migration?

Where does most migration research focus on?

What is the orderly wave of migrating cells revealed by research?

What is the radial pattern of cortical development been labelled?

What is the migration like for many cortical cells?