1. Define kinetic energy in words and with a formula, and give its unit!

2. Define electron volt (eV)!

3. Define what force is!

4. Define acceleration in words and with a formula!

5. Define Newton’s 2nd law in words and with a formula!

6. Define centripetal acceleration in words and with a formula!

7. Define angular velocity in words and with a formula!

8. Define momentum in words and with a formula!

9. Define moment of inertia in words and with a formula!

10. Define angular momentum!

11. Define the potential energy of an object in a homogenous gravitational field!

12. Define the potential energy of a charged object in an electrostatic field!

13. Define work in words and with a formula!

14. Formulate the general form of the work-energy theorem, and its special form for the electric and homogenous gravitational fields!
1

14. Formulate the general form of the work-energy theorem, and its special form for the electric and homogenous gravitational fields!
2

14. Formulate the general form of the work-energy theorem, and its special form for the electric and homogenous gravitational fields!
3

15. Define power in words and with a formula, and give
its unit!

16. Define the term and unit of voltage!

17. Define electric current and derive its unit from other SI units!

18. Define resistance and give its unit!

19. Define what electric dipole is, and describe how to calculate its
electric dipole moment!

20. Give the energy and momentum of a photon with frequency f.

21. What is the difference between the orbital and spin angular momenta
of an electron?

22. Align in ascending order the following components of the electromagnetic spectrum according to their energy: microwaves, gamma, ultraviolet, visible
light, X-ray, infrared, radiowaves!

23. What is the definition of visible light?

24. What is the wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation?

25. What is the wavelength range of infrared radiation?

26. Define the limiting frequency (fmax) of braking radiation at an
accelerating voltage of U.

27. What is the major difference between the photoeffect and the Compton effect?

28. What is the minimal energy of a γ-photon needed for pair-production (not numerically)?

29. Why is a heavy nucleus necessary
for pairproduction?

30. What is annihilation?

31. List the three most important mechanisms responsible for the absorption of γ and X-rays!

32. Define interference!

33. What is constructive and
destructive interference?

34. What is the requirement for maximally constructive and maximally destructive interference if two propagating waves with identical wavelength
interfere with each other?

35. Give the condition for constructive interference for an electromagnetic wave with wavelength λ diffracted on a crystal with a grating constant of c!
(angle of incidence is 90°)

36. How can the overdetermination of the Laue equations be resolved in the case of a three dimensional crystal?

37. What is the definition of transverse and longitudinal waves?

38. What is monochromatic light?

39. What kind of special characteristics does laser light have?

40. List the types of interactions laser light can have with tissues!

41. When is electromagnetic
radiation coherent?

42. What basic phenomena is the generation of laser
emission based on?

43. What is the approximate coherence length of a laser and that of a
classical light source?

44. Align in ascending order the following transition according to their energy difference: vibrational,
rotational and electronic!

45. Write the Lambert-Beer law and interpret the variables in the formula!

46. What does the molar extinction coefficient depend on?

47. How many fold does the intensity of light decreases if the absorbance (optical density, extinction) of a solution is 1?

48. What is the definition of the molar extinction coefficient?

49. At what wavelength are the characteristic absorption maxima of proteins and nucleic acids?

50. Which amino acids have reasonably high absorption?

51. What is the definition of a singlet and a triplet state?

52. What are the possible ways of relaxation of an excited electron in a molecule? (List at least 5 of them!)

53. What is the definition of
fluorescence lifetime?

54. What is a., scintillation, b., chemiluminescence, c.,
photoluminescence?

55. How can fluorescence quantum efficiency (yield) be defined?
(One definition is sufficient.)

56. Why is the fluorescence quantum yield always smaller than one?

57. What is the lifetime range of fluorescence?

58. What is the lifetime range of phosphorescence?

59. Why is phosphorescence lifetime longer than fluorescence lifetime?

60. What are the requirements of Förster-type resonance energy transfer?

61. Why is Förster type resonance energy transfer a sensitive method for distance measurements?

62. What can Förster-type resonance energy transfer be used for in biology?

63. What is photoselection?

64. What is linearly polarized light?

65. List at least five parameters which can be determined using fluorescent measurements!

66. Define the index of refraction!

67. Write Snell’s law of refraction!

68. What is the shortest resolvable distance in a light microscope?

69. How can the resolving power of a microscope be increased?

70. What is numerical aperture?

71. Give the formula for the resolving power of a conventional light microscope!

72. What is the function of the dichroic mirror in a fluorescence microscope?

73. What is the function of the excitation filter in a fluorescence microscope?

74. What is the function of the emission filter in a fluorescence microscope?

75. List the imaging aberrations in
optical systems!

76. Give the equation for the relationship between the image distance (i), object distance (o) and the focal distance (f)!

77. Give the definition and SI
unit of diopter!

78. What were those two discoveries that made construction of an electron microscope possible?

79. List at least three signals that can be detected during an electron microscopic measurement!

80. What are the two types of
electron microscopes?

81. What is the principle of transmission electron microscopy?

82. What is the principle of scanning electron microscopy?

83. Give the definition of isotopes!

84. List the isotopes of hydrogen with their mass number and the constituents of their nuclei!

85. What is the mass defect of nuclei?

86. What is the relationship between the total binding energy (ΔE) and the mass defect (Δm) of a given nucleus?

87. Describe how the binding energy per nucleon changes as a function of
mass number.

88. What are the properties of nuclear force (their range, strength and direction)?

89. On what kind of energy level does a nucleon reside in a nucleus compared to the energy of a free particle?

90. List the types of radioactive radiation and characterize the particles
constituting them!

91. What is the direction of changes in the atomic number and the mass number of nuclei during alpha, both types of β and gamma decay?

92. Why is the spectrum of beta
decay continuous?

93. What is electron capture and what
does it produce?

94. Give the equation describing the number of undecayed nuclei as a function of time (i.e. the law of radioactive decay) .

95. What is the physical meaning of the radioactive decay constant?

96. What is the relationship between the radioactive decay constant (λ)
and the half life (T)?

97. Define biological half life.

98. Define effective half life.

99. Describe the relationship between the effective (Teff), the physical (Tphys)
and the biological (Tbiol) half lives!

100. Describe the relationship between the physical (λphys), the biological (λbiol) and the effective (λeff) decay constants!

101. Write the formula describing the attenuation of gamma or X-ray radiation in an absorbing material.

102. What is the definition of the attenuation coefficient of a material for gamma or X-ray and what is its SI unit?

103. How does the intensity of -radiation change as a function of the distance from the radiation source?

104. What is responsible for the energy loss of an alpha particle along its path?

105. What kind of radioactive radiations can be detected by a GM-counter?

106. What is the basic principle of operation of a photomultiplier tube?

107. What is the basic operation principle of ionization detectors?

108. What is the principle of detection of radioactive radiation by a
scintillation detector?

109. List the radioactive radiations in order of increasing penetrability!

110. What is the biological effect of radioactive radiation based on?

111. What kind of particles are able to produce a biological effect in
radiation biology?

112. What is a hit in radiation biology?

113. How can a dose-response curve
be constructed?

114. What is the probability of generating exactly ‘n’ hits when applying a dose of D
in volume V?

115. How does the number of ionizations depend on the dose of the radiation?

116. Write the equation describing the dose-response curve when one hit is necessary for inactivation?

117. What is D37?

118. What is the principle of the indirect action of radiation?

119. What kind of products are capable of damaging biological objects arise during irradiation of aqueous solutions?

120. What is the definition of
absorbed dose?

121. What is the definition and unit of KERMA (kinetic energy released in material)?

122. What is the definition and unit of exposure in the case of X-ray
and γ-radiation?

123. Define the unit of equivalent dose!

124. List the physical factors influencing radiation sensitivity!

125. What is the smallest dose which can produce a biological effect?

126. How can radioactive radiation cause a double strand break in DNA?

127. Write the equation describing cell survival according to
the linear-quadratic model.

128. In which part of the cell cycle are cells the most and the least sensitive to radioactive radiation?

129. How does radiosensitivity changes as a function of the level of oxygenation?

130. How and why does fractionation of radioactive radiation influence the radiosensitivity of cells?

180. Give the frequency range of sound waves audible by a normal human ear!

181. What is ultrasound?

182. What is infrasound?

183. Give the definition and unit
of sound intensity!

184. What does the velocity of
sound depend on?

185. What does acoustic impedance depend on?

186. List the most widespread effects suitable for the generation of ultrasound!

187. Describe the relationship between the amplitude of the ultrasound-induced pressure fluctuation (ΔPmax) and the intensity of ultrasound (J)!

188. What is cavitation?

189. How does the intensity of ultrasound change while it passes through a certain medium?

190. What is the basis of
imaging with ultrasound?