diabetes

Pregunta 1 de 26

3

select those that can apply to diabetes type 1

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

an absolute deficiency of insulin due to the destruction or degeneration of pancreatic beta cells
onset often occurs in childhood
requires daily insulin injections
they'll be fine if they alkalise. insulin is just a ploy from BIG PHARMA. and its probably caused by VACCINES!

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 26

1

Fasting glucose should be:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

<5.6mmol/L
>7mmol/L
0mml/L (you should avoid glucose because cancer cannot survive if there is no glucose source!)

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 26

1

what blood glucose level would be suggestive of diabetes if taken as a fasting blood test?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

>7mmol/L
<5.6mmol/L
I don't believe in pathology testing it's a scam by big pharma they just want you to get hooked on their drugs. wake up sheeple

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 26

1

how does glucose get into a body cell??

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

just goes straight through, no worries mate
*Insulin binds to its receptor (tyrosine kinase linked) causing it to self- phosphorylate. This starts many signalling cascades.
* the final effect of these signalling cascades is translocation of the Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane, allowing influx of glucose into the cell
it asks nicely
it spent all it's birthday money on a fake I.D. so it could get in with it's friends who are older, but forgot it's star sign according to the I.D. card and had it taken away like, the second time it tried to use it. so, glucose can't get into the cells for another year.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 26

1

what percentage of circulating glucose in 'typical' body functioning, should be reabsorbed form the kidneys back into the blood?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

100% - it is all reabsorbed
90% - about 10% is excreted in the urine
50% - half goes back into circulation, the other half is excreted

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 26

7

select symptoms of hyperglycaemia

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

polydipsia (excessive thirst)
(polyuria) increased / more frequent urination
glycosuria (glucose in urine)
diuresis (increased production of urine)
blurred vision
lethargy and fatigue
dehydration
an insatiable urge to watch conspiracy documentaries such as vexed
sudden belief in "flat earth" theory

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 26

1

hyperglycaemia can be caused by low insulin levels. when glucose cannot be used by the body for energy, it has to use fat and protein. ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition that can occur as a result of this. what is ketoacidosis?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

ketoacidosis is a pathological metabolic state, marked by uncontrolled ketosis. Free fatty acids are oxidised to ketones. They are b-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid and acetone. In ketoacidosis, the body fails to adequately regulate ketone production causing such a severe accumulation of keto acids that the pH of the blood is substantially decreased. In extreme cases ketoacidosis can be fatal.
Ketoacidosis should be the goal of anyone trying to lose weight because it means you are burning fat and its super healthy and really good for you because all you have to do is eat some kale or drink some lemon juice and you can alkalise back to get your blood really alkaline and its so good for you.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 26

1

so - do you remember the ketones that are produced in ketoacidosis? they were in RED in the lectures, so I assume we are meant to know them. Please select the correct ones!

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

b-hydroxybutyric acid
acetoacetic acid and acetone
c-hypoxibryani acid
acetone free nail polish remover and acetoacsthetic acid
just drink lemon in water!!!!!

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 26

1

do you remember the transporter that lets glucose into the cell once insulin has done its multi signalling thing?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

glut-4 transporter
glut-c3.37 transporter
WE SHOULDN'T BE LETTING GLUCOSE INTO OUR CELLS! WAKE UP SHEEPLE!

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 26

1

Which condition do you think these symptoms are from?
Symptoms (Autonomic):
• Sweating
• Tremor
• Tingling lips
• Hunger
• Weakness
• Tachycardia

Symptoms (neurological)
• Confusion
• Unsteadiness
• Headache
• Blurred vision
• Slurred speech
• Lack of concentration
• Aggressive behaviour
• Convulsions
• Loss of consciousness

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

hypoglycaemia
hyperglycaemia

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 26

1

which condition do you think fits with the symptoms?
Symptoms:
• Polyuria
• Lethargy
• Polydipsia
• Blurred vision • Dehydration
Symptoms associated with Type I predominantly:
• Weight loss
• Ketone breath
• Breathing changes
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

hyperglycaemia
hypoglycaemia

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 26

1

untreated, or insufficiently managed, hyperglycaemia can have long term complications. select those that apply.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

macrovascular complications, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease
microvascular disease such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy
an addiction to false eye lashes and lip fillers

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 26

1

angiogenesis is one of the primary reasons that vascular disease is a serious pathology related to diabetes. select the statements that are true of angiogenesis in diabetes.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

in diabetes when insulin isn't working effectively, glucose cannot get into the tissues. the tissues interpret this lack of glucose as not enough vasculature, so they form new blood vessels
angiogenesis could be completed, known as 'proliferative' type pathology
angiogenesis could become locked at one of the early stages of angiogenesis, which can cause leakage from the vessels.
In order to make new blood vessels existing ones should be disassembled first. That is the stage at which leakage occurs (if it lasts too long)
In the eye, too many newly formed blood vessels could cover the retina. This can cause "diabetic blindness". Or, if existing vessels are locked into the initial steps of angiogenesis (destabilisation), leakage of plasma in the eye could cause the same outcome.
its good to have all those extra blood vessels. it will prevent neuropathy in the future.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 26

1

classifications of diabetes

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and, 'other' (primarily gestational diabetes)
the one thats just some extra sugar and then the one where you don't make enough of that thing. these are the technical names.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 26

1

Which of the following describes Metformin?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Biguanide
First line treatment for DMII
Works by inhibiting gluconeogenesis, hence reducing release of glucose from the liver. Also reduces glucose absorption from GIT, and increases glucose uptake in fat tissue and muscle tissue.
Take with meals or directly after. Start low dose and increase slowly.
DOES NOT CUASE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
WEIGHT NEUTRAL
AEs
GIT upsets, lactic acidosis (serious but rare – kidney issues increase risk)
*********
• May initially cause GI distress
Contraindicated: undergoing testing using IV dye, kidney problems.
• Lactic acidosis
Usually only used when sulphynlurea dose maxed out.
Works by reducing insulin resistance, especially in peripheral tissues. They increase sensitivity to insulin. They also reduce the amount of glucose released from the liver into the blood stream. Do so by working on PPAR gamma to affect metabolism of nutrients.
Doesn’t matter if taken with food.
Will NOT cause hypoglycaemia as monotherapy.
IF DUAL THERAPY WITH INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA OR WHEN TAKEN WITH SULPHNYLUREA AND METFORMIN
********
Heartfailure – do not use
Liver disease – do not use
Provides instant burst of glucose goodness so the brain can function

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 26

1

which of the following best describes gliclazide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sulphnylurea
It works by increasing the amount of insulin produced and released by beta cells of the pancreas. They do so by blocking the exit of potassium from the beta cell at the ATP sensitive potassium channel. Excess potassium in the cell leads to the depolarisation of the membrane. There is a subsequent influx of calcium. The raised intracellular calcium causes the emptying of insulin granules and the release of insulin.
Needs residual function in beta cells to be effective
Take just before a meal.
CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
LINKED WITH WEIGHT GAIN
AEs
Hypoglycaemia
********
Weight gain, hypoglycemia
Incretin Mimetic
Acts like GLP-1, activating GLP-1 receptor, releasing hormone from the GIT to pancreas, ordering the release of insulin when glucose levels in blood are high. Will only work in the presence of glucose, so no risk of hypoglycaemia. It also reduces the amount of glucose released from the liver and slows gastric emptying. Delayed gastric emptying can also help decrease appetite and prolong feeling of fullness.
Given by subcut injection.
CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA IF TAKEN WITH SULPHONYLUREAS
AEs
N&V
Do not use in patients with kidney problems
*********
Given by injection
Severe kidney problems – do not use

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 26

1

which best describes rosiglitazone?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Thiazolidinediones
Usually only used when sulphynlurea dose maxed out.
It works by reducing insulin resistance, especially in peripheral tissues. They increase sensitivity to insulin. They also reduce the amount of glucose released from the liver into the blood stream. Do so by working on PPAR gamma to affect metabolism of nutrients.
Doesn’t matter if taken with food.
Will NOT cause hypoglycaemia as monotherapy.
IF DUAL THERAPY WITH INSULIN SECRETAGOGUES CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA OR WHEN TAKEN WITH SULPHNYLUREA AND METFORMIN
********
Heartfailure – do not use
Liver disease – do not use
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
Works on the surface of the small intestine to slow absorption of glucose into the blood by preventing the breakdown of carbohydrates from dimers to monomers.
Take just before a meal. Start low dose, increase slowly.
AEs
Flatulence, bloating and diarrhoea due to undigested carbohydrates in colon.
ON IT’S OWN DOES NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
If dual therapy, and hypoglycaemia occurs, will need to treat with pure glucose.
*******
Abdominal distension and bloating Take just prior to meal

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 26

1

which best describes acarbose?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
Works on the surface of the small intestine to slow absorption of glucose into the blood by preventing the breakdown of carbohydrates from dimers to monomers.
Take just before a meal. Start low dose, increase slowly.
AEs
Flatulence, bloating and diarrhoea due to undigested carbohydrates in colon.
ON IT’S OWN DOES NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
If dual therapy, and hypoglycaemia occurs, will need to treat with pure glucose.
*******
Abdominal distension and bloating Take just prior to meal
Sodium-Glucose Transporter Inhibitor (SGLT2 Inhibitor)
It works by inhibiting the reuptake of glucose into the blood from the nephron. Glucose is excreted in the urine instead of going back into circulation.
USED ON ITS OWN WILL NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
AEs
Thrush, UTIs
Not suitable for patients with kidney problems
********
Urinary tract infections
Severe kidney problems

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 26

1

which best describes sitagliptin?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

DDP-4 Inhibitor
It works by preventing the cleavage of GLP-1, hence, increasing release of insulin from the pancreas (only when glucose is present). Reduces amount of glucose released by the liver. They inhibit glucagon release.
USED ON ITS OWN WILL NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Subcut injecton
AEs
Nausea and headache
*********
Do not cause hypoglycaemia
Given by injection
Severe kidney problems – do not use
Biguanide
First line treatment for DMII
It works by inhibiting gluconeogenesis, hence reducing release of glucose from the liver. Also reduces glucose absorption from GIT, and increases glucose uptake in fat tissue and muscle tissue.
Take with meals or directly after. Start low dose and increase slowly.
DOES NOT CUASE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
WEIGHT NEUTRAL
AEs
GIT upsets, lactic acidosis (serious but rare – kidney issues increase risk)
*********
• May initially cause GI distress
Contraindicated: undergoing testing using IV dye, kidney problems.
• Lactic acidosis

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 26

1

which best describes exenatide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Incretin Mimetic
Acts like GLP-1, activating GLP-1 receptor, releasing hormone from the GIT to pancreas, ordering the release of insulin when glucose levels in blood are high. Will only work in the presence of glucose, so no risk of hypoglycaemia. It also reduces the amount of glucose released from the liver and slows gastric emptying. Delayed gastric emptying can also help decrease appetite and prolong feeling of fullness.
Given by subcut injection.
CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA IF TAKEN WITH SULPHONYLUREAS
AEs
N&V
Do not use in patients with kidney problems
*********
Given by injection
Severe kidney problems – do not use
Sulphnylurea
It works by increasing the amount of insulin produced and released by beta cells of the pancreas. They do so by blocking the exit of potassium from the beta cell at the ATP sensitive calcium channel. Excess potassium in the cell leads to the depolarisation of the membrane. There is a subsequent influx of calcium. The raised intracellular calcium causes the emptying of insulin granules and the release of insulin.
Needs residual function in beta cells to be effective
Take just before a meal.
CAN CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
LINKED WITH WEIGHT GAIN
AEs
Hypoglycaemia
********
Weight gain, hypoglycemia

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 26

1

Which best describes canagliflozin?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sodium-Glucose Transporter Inhibitor (SGLT2 Inhibitor)
It works by inhibiting the reuptake of glucose into the blood from the nephron. Glucose is excreted in the urine instead of going back into circulation.
USED ON ITS OWN WILL NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
AEs
Thrush, UTIs
Not suitable for patients with kidney problems
********
Urinary tract infections
Severe kidney problems
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
Works on the surface of the small intestine to slow absorption of glucose into the blood by preventing the breakdown of carbohydrates from dimers to monomers.
Take just before a meal. Start low dose, increase slowly.
AEs
Flatulence, bloating and diarrhoea due to undigested carbohydrates in colon.
ON IT’S OWN DOES NOT CAUSE HYPOGLYCAEMIA
If dual therapy, and hypoglycaemia occurs, will need to treat with pure glucose.
*******
Abdominal distension and bloating Take just prior to meal

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 26

1

glycated haemoglobin! what level is suggestive of hyperglycaemia and diabetes?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

>7%
≤5%

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 26

1

pick the true comment

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Glycosylated (or glycated) haemoglobin
Glycosylated (or glycated) haemoglobin (haemoglobin A1c, Hb1c , or HbA1c, A1C) is a form of haemoglobin used primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. It is formed in a non-enzymatic pathway by hemoglobin's normal exposure to high plasma levels of glucose.
HbA1c of 7% or less should be set for all patients with type 2 diabetes
Any reduction of HbA1c is of benefit even if the 7% target cannot be met
HbA1c indicates glycaemic control during preceding 2–3 months; there is an association between the risk of microvascular complications and level of glycated haemoglobin. Monitor every 3–6 months.
glycated haemoglobin is a pointless measurement for long term observations because if you don't eat before the test it will make it go right down and ruin the results

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 26

1

ideal fasting glucose and a good target goal for a person receiving treatment for diabetes is <5.6mmol/L

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 26

1

ideal target of HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) for someone undergoing treatment for diabetes is <7%

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 26

1

you've done great! this is the end of the quiz because I can't be bothered doing insulin questions right now.

this was a fun experience. T/F

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

	Creado por Amelia Claire hace más de 6 años

(pharmacology 3) pharmacology Test sobre diabetes, creado por Amelia Claire el 12/11/2017.

Pregunta 1 de 26

select those that can apply to diabetes type 1

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 26

Fasting glucose should be:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 26

what blood glucose level would be suggestive of diabetes if taken as a fasting blood test?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 26

how does glucose get into a body cell??

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 26

what percentage of circulating glucose in 'typical' body functioning, should be reabsorbed form the kidneys back into the blood?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 26

select symptoms of hyperglycaemia

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 26

hyperglycaemia can be caused by low insulin levels. when glucose cannot be used by the body for energy, it has to use fat and protein. ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition that can occur as a result of this. what is ketoacidosis?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 26

so - do you remember the ketones that are produced in ketoacidosis? they were in RED in the lectures, so I assume we are meant to know them. Please select the correct ones!

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 26

do you remember the transporter that lets glucose into the cell once insulin has done its multi signalling thing?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 26

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 26

which condition do you think fits with the symptoms? Symptoms: • Polyuria • Lethargy • Polydipsia • Blurred vision • Dehydration Symptoms associated with Type I predominantly: • Weight loss • Ketone breath • Breathing changes • Nausea and vomiting • Abdominal pain

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 26

untreated, or insufficiently managed, hyperglycaemia can have long term complications. select those that apply.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 26

angiogenesis is one of the primary reasons that vascular disease is a serious pathology related to diabetes. select the statements that are true of angiogenesis in diabetes.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 26

classifications of diabetes

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 26

Which of the following describes Metformin?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 26

which of the following best describes gliclazide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 26

which best describes rosiglitazone?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 26

which best describes acarbose?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 26

which best describes sitagliptin?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 26

which best describes exenatide?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

which condition do you think fits with the symptoms?
Symptoms:
• Polyuria
• Lethargy
• Polydipsia
• Blurred vision • Dehydration
Symptoms associated with Type I predominantly:
• Weight loss
• Ketone breath
• Breathing changes
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain

you've done great! this is the end of the quiz because I can't be bothered doing insulin questions right now.

this was a fun experience. T/F