Diabetes is diagnosed when: - The fasting glucose level is ❌ (on 2 separate occasions); - Glucose is ❌ 2 hours after a glucose drink (on 2 separate occasions); - The HbA1c level is ❌ (on 2 separate occasions). (HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin (occurs when Hb exposed to high glucose concentrations). It’s considered indicative of CHRONIC hyperglycaemia.
All 3 types of diabetes are increasing in prevalence (in Aus). They are: Type 1 diabetes (accounting for ❌ of diabetes); Type 2 diabetes (accounting for ❌ of diabetes); Gestational diabetes (also increasing).
Correlation of diabetes and obesity: ❌ of diabetics are overweight; ❌ of overweight people have diabetes.
The complications of diabetes can be both MACROVASCULAR and MICROVASCULAR. Which is each? (put them in alphabetical order) MACROVASCULAR: ❌, ❌, ❌; MICROVASCULAR: ❌, ❌, ❌.
The link between impaired glucose metabolism and microvascular pathophysiology (e.g. diabetic retinopathy) is through the Sorbitol Sorbolene Inositol Inosolene( Sorbitol, Sorbolene, Inositol, Inosolene ) pathway. (in the presence of hyperglycaemia, aldose reductase catalyses the conversion of glucose into [above])
Hyperglycaemia Increases Decreases( Increases, Decreases ) the activity of the Polyol pathway (which involves Sorbitol).
Diabetic complications are common. ❌ of people with diabetes will develop impaired vision due to retinopathy; ❌ of people with diabetes will experience some form of neuropathy; ❌ of people with diabetes will develop symptoms of nephropathy (most of whom will go on to end-stage renal disease).
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Advanced Glycation Endproducts
Advanced Glycosylation Endproducts
Advanced Glycation Enzymes
Advanced Glycosylation Enzymes
