CHAPTER 2

The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future
scientist ________.

According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.

According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would
receive scientific education.

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they
might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins
asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains
copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s
study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different
personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is
an example of ________ data.

________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.

I data are ________.

I data essentially measure ________.

According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas
inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.

What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?

According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a
potential indicator of psychopathology?

The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.

The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.

To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means
that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological
significance.

________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.

In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and
Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The
observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.

Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project.
She would most likely obtain ________ data.

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because
________.

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?

Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?

Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits
________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will
respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.

Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?

According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?

The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.

The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant
disadvantage for ________ data.

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus,
these judgments have ________.

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?

Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and
generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s
achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and
then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning
technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.

When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST
trustworthy?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

A major disadvantage of L data is ________.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?

As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random
times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to
answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.

What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during
normal daily activities?

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)?

A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?

According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable
measure of attitudes toward ________.

If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.

Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?

If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.

The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.

On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following
Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self-
Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly
with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she
had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.

The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her
scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is
following which principle of measurement?

A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity
concern ________.

Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.

According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence
and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both
examples of specific tests or measurements.

Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and
each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is
extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-
Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based
on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.

Reliability is ________ for validity.

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular
construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.

Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that
what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.

Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class
college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of
personality research?

Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.

What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?

The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental
method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same
variable is ________.

The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.

Random assignment allows researchers to ________.

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.

Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She
randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film
clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to
watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a
homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have
to ________.

Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every
participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to
donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?