What is the term to match with this definition? The mechanical and chemical processes that change objects on Earth's surface over time. It is able to break, wear, abrade, and chemically alter rocks.
erosion
weathering
deposition
What is mechanical weathering? Check all that apply.
Physical processes naturally break rocks down
Rocks can be chemically altered
Rocks are broken down into smaller pieces called sediment
True or False- Sand, silt, and clay make up sediment.
What are the largest soil pieces?
Silt
Clay
Sand
What are the smallest soil pieces?
forms when weathering breaks rocks down into smaller and smaller pieces.
How can changing the chemical makeup of the rock affect the rock? Check all that apply
Changing the chemical makeup of the rock doesn't affect it at all
Changing the chemical makeup often makes it easier for the rock to break down
Changing the chemical makeup of the rock makes it harder to break down the rock
Changing the chemical makeup of the rock makes the rock weaker so it will wear easier.
The chemical makeup of a rock is NOT changed by mechanical weathering chemical weathering( mechanical weathering, chemical weathering ).
The total surface are of something ❌ when it is broken into smaller pieces.
True or False- Surface are is the amount of space outside an object.
What are the causes of MECHANICAL weathering? Check all that apply.
Thermal Expansion
Animal Actions
Carbonic Acid
Ice Wedging
Water
Abrasion
Oxidation
Acid Rain
Plant Growth
What is thermal expansion?
The temperature of a forest fire causes nearby rocks to expand
The heat from fire or a hot summer day causes rocks to burn.
The heat from the sun causes rocks to contract and wither, breaking them.
The temperature of a forest fire causes rocks to crack
both A and D
both A and B
Another word for ice wedging is .
What is the process of ice wedging in order?
1. Water enters cracks in rocks 2. Ice expands 3. Crack widens
1. Water enters cracks in rock 2. Water freezes when the temperature drops 3. Ice expands 4. Crack widens 5. Repeated freezing and thawing eventually breaks the rock
1. Ice is previously in the rock 2. Ice breaks the rock 3. Ice expands. 4. Freezing and thawing cracks the rock
What is abrasion? Check all that apply.
The wearing away of rock by friction or impact
When rocks bump into each other in a stream or by wind.
A mechanical process
None of the above
All of the above
Plant growth is when plants grow in a in the rock. The plant then absorbs from the rock, making it weaker. Then, the roots of the plant get wider, pushing on either side of the crack and breaking it.
What are animal actions?
Animals die and decay on rocks, forming organic rocks.
Animals burrow through rocks and break it down as they dig.
Animals burrowing through the ground create holes and areas where the soil can be exposed to more weathering.
A and B
B and C
True or False- The surface area of a rock is important
Carbonic acid is when ❌ reacts with carbon dioxide in the air.
What is chemical weathering?
Water, air, and other substances react with minerals in the rock to change the rock.
Chemical weathering changes the chemical composition of minerals.
A process that beaks down rocks into smaller pieces called sediments. These sediments are not the same chemically.
True or False- Rocks weather at different rates.
True or False- Weathering is slow in cold, dry places.
What process hollows out limestone caves?
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
Spatial Weathering
Cave weathering
What is weathering?
A shift in weather patterns
A process that breaks rocks down into smaller pieces
The process by which mountains are formed
A process where the seasons change
How might a weathered mountain appear different from an unweathered mountain?
The weathered mountain will appear rounder
The weathered mountain will appear taller
The weathered mountain would contain fewer trees
The weathered mountain would appear more jagged
How does mechanical weathering differ from chemical weathering?
Chemical weathering is a faster process than mechanical weathering.
Chemical weathering occurs in wet climates; Mechanical weathering occurs in dry climates.
Chemical weathering is more effective than mechanical weathering.
Chemical weathering changes the chemical composition of the rock; Mechanical weathering does not.
What might cause weathering?
volcanic eruptions
acid rain
violent earthquakes
growing plants and expanding ice
What impact does weathering have on soil formation?
Chemical weathering adds helpful chemicals to the soil.
Rocks are broken down into sediment which helps make up soil.
Ice wedging in mechanical weathering helps add water to the soil when the ice melts.
Volcanic eruptions contribute metamorphic rocks to the soil.
What type of rocks are formed by weathering? Check all that apply.
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Slate
How long does the weathering process take?
There is not enough information to determine this
It varies
Years and years
5-7 months
Carbonic acid is a mixture of..
water and oxygen
water and carbon dioxide
chemical pollutants and oxygen
carbon dioxide and acids
Heat Water Cold climate( Heat, Water, Cold climate ) speeds up chemical reactions
Oxidation is: When combines with other elements or molecules, it causes weathering to occur in a rock. When oxygen combines with iron, it forms -oxide. This is also know as !
True or False- Similar rocks can weather at different rates.
True or False- The climate, or average weather in a region or area, doesn't affect the rate of weathering.
The rate of weathering depends on and tempreture
Weathering often occurs fastest slowest( fastest, slowest ) in regions near the equator
True or False-The type of rock affects the rate of weathering
Which of the following is true? Choose the best answer.
The most easily weathered mineral determines the rate at which the entire rock weathers.
The mineral that is the most difficult to weather determines the rate at which the entire rock weathers.
The weathering rate is not affected by the minerals in the rock.
True or False- Low hardness- harder to weather
The size and the number of holes shape amount of dirt( number of holes, shape, amount of dirt ) in the rock affects the rate at which the rock weathers.
Fill in the blank. ____________ in the air can react with rain to make it more acidic.
Nitrogen
Pollutants
Oxygen
Water vapor
How does chemical weathering change rock?
It breaks down rock into sediments.
It physically breaks rocks down.
It changes rocks through water, carbonic acid, acid rain, and oxidation.
Both A and C
Water is known as the universal since so many substances dissolve in water.
Carbon dioxide reacts with water in the air. It then sinks into the soil grass concrete( soil, grass, concrete ) to create carbonic acid.
When pollutants enter the air and react with rain, acid rain is produced. What are some examples of pollutants? Check all that apply.
Volcanoes
Factory smoke
Sulfur oxides
When oxidation occurs, the inside of the rock oxidizes the most and turns red because of it.
Is sand formed through mechanical or chemical weathering?
Mechanical
Chemical
Both
Neither
Is oxidation a chemical or mechanical process?
How is the pH of a solution measured? (on a scale)
On a scale of 1-14
On a scale of 1-7
On a scale of 0-14
On a scale of 0-7
Which mineral dissolves most substances in chemical weathering?
acid
water
air
What is another way to measure pH? Check all that apply.
Weather it is Acidic
Weather it is Basic
Whether it is Nuetral
pH is only measured on a scale
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
5
0
1
14
7
8
What is the pH of normal rain?
6
4
none of the above
True or False- The pH of acid rain is 4.5.
True or False- Normal rain causes more chemical weathering than acid rain does.
Repeated freezing and breaks rocks apart.
Which of the following causes abrasion? Check all that apply.
Glaciers
Wind
Waves
A strong current in a stream.
Choose the best, most accurate definition for soil.
The mixture of weathered rock, rock fragments, decayed organic material, water, and air.
The dirt on the ground.
The territory of a particular nation.
The brown, dirty ground on which we stand upon that farmers plant crops upon so they can grow.
Sand, silt, and clay.
True or False- Half or the volume of soil is solid materials.
What is the organic matter in soil? Choose all that apply.
The remains of animals
The remains of plants
Humus
Litter
What is Humus?
The dark organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decay.
Leaves twigs and and other material that drops to the soil and piles up.
Organic matter that is very nutritious and fertile that supports plant growth.
A and C
True or False- Soil texture is the size of the particles.
The inorganic organic( inorganic, organic ) matter in soil is material that has never been alive. Examples are boulders, gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
What are pores? Choose the best answer.
Small openings in the skin
Holes and spaces in leaves and litter.
Holes in sand, silt, and clay where water and air can pass through
What is litter? Check all that apply.
Leaves and twigs that fall on soil.
Trash that people throw on the ground.
Organic, nutritious material.
Decomposed and decayed plant material.
Clay has small big medium-sized( small, big, medium-sized ) pores. Sand has big small medium-sized( big, small, medium-sized ) pores.
Soil fertility is the ability for soil to support . (2 words)
True or False- The more organic material (litter and humus) there is in soil, the more fertile it is.
True or False- Inorganic material is often not very fertile.
Parent material is also known as .
What factors affect the rate at which soil forms? Check all that apply.
Topography
Time
Biota
Climate
Parent material
Color
Texture
True or False- Soil horizons are layers of the soil formed from the movement of products weathering.
The B A C( B, A, C ) horizon contains clay particles. The C B A( C, B, A ) horizon is the weathered layer of rock or sediments. The A B C( A, B, C ) horizon contains organic matter.
The ❌ horizon formed first.
The ❌ horizon formed second.
The ❌ horizon formed last.
How do scientists classify soil types? Check all that apply.
Plants
Soil Composition
Location
What is loam? Choose the best, most accurate answer.
Gardening soil
A mixture of sand, silt, and clay
Decomposed animal material
Decayed twigs, leaves, and other plant material
True or False- Biota is the organisms that live in a region that helps speed up soil formation.
Is steep topography good for soil fertility?
Yes
No
There is not enough information to determine this.
Climate is the general in an area.
What are 2 ways that climate is measured?
Temperature and amount of precipitation.
Temperature and wind speed
Temperature and natural disasters
What element is humus especially rich in?
Carbon
What effects do plants' roots have on rock?
They break it apart
They hold it together
They cause it to undergo chemical changes
They don't have any effect.
Which of the following best describes the process of weathering and erosion?
Rapid
Gradual
Insignificant
Instantaneous
Which plants are usually the first to live in soil?
Simple plants
Trees
Flowers
(Constructive or Destructive?) Weathering is a process. Erosion is a process. Deposition is a process.
What is erosion?
The removal of weathered material from one location to another.
The breaking down of material such as rocks and rock fragments.
The laying down or settling of transported material.
What is deposition?
The breaking down of rocks and rock fragments
(3 points) A is a C-shaped curve in a stream. A is a crumbly, windblown deposit of silt and clay. A is a large deposit of sediment where a stream enters a large body of water.
(3 points) A can be caused by the rushing water of a young stream. A is a pile of windblown sand. A current flows parallel to the shoreline and erodes beaches.
(3 points) can cause erosion and create caves. A is formed when waves erode less-resistant rocks along the shoreline. A young stream flows rapidly downhill in mountainous areas.
(2 points) An stream moves slowly when it reaches flat land. A stream is a result of water reaching gentler slopes.
Infiltration Consistency Fertility( Infiltration, Consistency, Fertility ) describes how quickly water flows through soil.
True or False- Clay-rich soils allow more water to move through than sandy soils.
What features do land forms that are created by erosion have? Check all that apply.
Jagged
Flat
Sea cliffs
Wide valleys
What are beds?
Sediment deposited in water that forms layers.
The floor of a sea or ocean.
Layers of soil on dry land.
Can deposition take place without erosion?
True or False- Weathering, erosion, and deposition form soil.
