What do guard cells control?

What do they open in response to?

What type of signalling is involved?

What regulatory system do mammals have? What does it maintain?

Name the components of this regulatory system and their role

What are sensors?

What type of sensors are relevant to this system?

What is the role of sensors?

What does this result in?

Where do breathing patterns arise?

What happens to the breathing pattern when you damage the connection between the medulla and the pons?

What does this show?

How does the pons do this?

What sort of damage disables conscious control of breathing?

What is the medulla respiratory centre?

How do nerves fire here?

What is the Pre-Bötzinger Complex?

What type of firing is this and what does it cause?

What sort of complex shows the nerve firing of action potentials during pre-inspiration/expiration?

How do these two complexes work together?

Summarise the involvement of nerves firing in inspiration (4)

Draw a diagram showing how the controller, sensor and effectors are all interlinked

Describe in detail the process by which a regular breathing pattern is generated

Name 2 lung receptors

How do stretch receptors affect ventilation?

What receptors detect changes in the pulmonary system?

What happens when these receptors are stimulated?

What receptors detect position/length?

What are these receptors sensitive to and what is their function?

Name a pain receptor

What do chemoreceptors detect?

How are the chemicals in blood detected?

Which chemoreceptors are responsible for chemical detection in the brain?

Where is the central chemoreceptor located

How do CCRs detect changes in blood chemistry?

How do changes in pH occur in CSF?

How is ventilation triggered by an increase in H+ in the CSF?

What is characteristic of these CCRs?

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Draw a diagram showing the neural connection between the brain and the heart

Where are PCR nerve endings located?

What are PCRs sensitive to?

What is characteristic of PCRs?

Draw a shitty graph showing what happens when chmoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 partial pressure

Draw another shitty graph showing the relationship between minute ventilation and arterial PO2 in response to hypoxia/hypercapnia

How are pCO2 and pO2 interrelated?

What is the main drive to breathe?

What is typical of organisms that can hold their breath for a long time?

Describe the cause and effects of the Diving reflex in mammals (5)