The most frequent form of primary glomerular disease in children is
Minimal change disease
Acute glomeruonephritis
Hyperfunction of anterior pituitary in pre-pubertal children generally can result in
Acromegaly
Gigantism
The role of external radiation in the etiology of thyroid cancer is predominant in
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
The following type of carcinoma of the breast is characterised by 'Indian file' pattern of tumour cells
Infiltrating distal carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Prostatic hyperplasia affects most often
Peripheral prostate
Periurethral prostate
Which criteria refer to pernicious anaemia
Low serum B12
Megaloblastic anaemia
Antibody against internal factor of Castle
Gastric parietal cell antibody
Which of the following tumours have association with occupational exposure to asbestosis?
Silicosis
Malignant mesothelioma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Laryngeal carcinoma
Which of the following features characterise ulcerative colitis, except
Formation of crypt abscess and cryptitis
Superficial mucosal ulceration
Depletion of goblet cells and mucus
Stricture formation in chronic cases
Philadelphia chromosome is characterised by
Translocation (8;14)
Translocation (9;22)
Translocation (22;9)
Translocation (14;8)
Which of the following are included in classic Hodgkin's disease
Histiocytic fibrosis
Lymphocytic depletion
Mixed cellularity
Nodular sclerosis
Pulseless disease is
Temporal arteritis
Kawasaki's disease
Takayasu arteritis
Buerger's disease
The morphological variants of diagnostic cells in Hodgkin's disease are
Cells with bilobed nucleus appearing as mirror image
Megaloblastic cells
Lacunar type cell
Large cleaved cells
Crohn's disease is characterised by the following histopathologic features
Non-caseating sarcoid like granulomas
Deep transmural ulceration
Multiple abscesses
Pseudopolyps
According to monoclonal atherosclerosis hypothesis, the primary event in atherosclerosis is
Monoclonal proliferation of endothelial cells
Monoclonal proliferation of smooth muscle cells
Monoclonal proliferation of monocytes
Monoclonal proliferation of foam cells
Barrett's oesophagus is
Congenital anomaly
Inflammatory disease
Metaplastic process
Neoplastic lesion
The most common site of involvement of atherosclerosis aneurysm is
Arch of aorta
Thoracic aorta
Suprarenal part of abdominal aorta
Infrarenal part of abdominal aorta
The following histologic types of bronchogenic carcinoma have strong association with cigarette smoking except
Small cell carcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
The most important and common complicated atheromatous lesion in the coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction is
Calcification
Coronary artery thrombosis
Aneurysm
Ulceration
In hypertensive heart disease left ventricular hypertrophy is correlated with
Duration of hypertension
Severity of hypertension
Cause of hypertension
Severity of coronary atherosclerosis
The most common causative agent for lobar pneumonia is
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Pneumococci
Haemophilus
The common complications of gastric ulcer are
Penetration
Pneumonia
Haemorrhage
Perforation
What complication can occur due to atherosclerosis of femoral artery?
Thrombophlebitis
Diabetes mellitus
Gangrene
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Which of the following types of acute viral hepatitis become chronic hepatitis?
Type A
Type B
Type C
All the three answers are correct
Nephrotic syndrome develops in
Urine retention
Acute renal failure
Acute pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
The infection which leads to pyelonephritis may be a result of
Hematogenous dissemination
Ascending dissemination
Immune conflict
As a complication of glomerulonephritis
Which of the following diseases does not lead to nephrosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis
Diabetes insipidus
Gout
Squamous cell carcinoma is a common tumour in the
Uterine body
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterine cervix
Which of the morphological methods are used for subtyping lymphomas?
Van Gieson staining
PAS
Von Kossa staining
Immunohistochemistry
Which of the following complications can develop in pulmonary carcinoma?
Mantle pneumonia
Brown induration of lungs
Empyema
Massive haemorrhage
Determine the pathological process in the lung emphysema, having in mind the microscopic appearance - a focus of necrosis, detritus, leukocytes and macrophages
Acute pulmonary abscess
Chronic pulmonary abscess
Bronchiectasis
Lung cancer in decay
What disease is endometriosis?
Inflammation of the uterine mucosa
Inflammation of the uterine cervix
Dishormonal disease
Tumour
Point out the characteristic macroscopic changes of chronic obstructive emphysema
Decreased in size lungs, collapsed to the hilum
Lungs with increased volume
Thick consistency of the lungs
Reduced elasticity and soft consistency
Gynecomastia is a disease of
Breast in women
Male breast
Testes
What is typical for the first stage of syphilis?
Siphilides
Ulcus durum
Gumma
Generalised lymphadenitis
For tuberculous meningitis the following histological changes are typical
Purulent infiltration in the meninges
Endarteriitis obliterans
Granulomatous inflammation
Caseous necrosis
Why are occupational diseases named pneumoconiosis?
Cor hypertonicum
Disease of the lungs associated with mineral dust inhalation
Infection of the bronchial wall and lung parenchyma
Which of the following factors play a role in the development of bronchial carcinoma?
Chronic bronchitis
Smoking
Influenza
Work/environmental factors
What is the exudate in the pleural cavity and pericardial sac due to lymphatic spread of pulmonary carcinoma into them?
Fibrinous
Serious
Haemorrhagic
Purulent
What forms of silicosis do you know?
Nodular
Diffuse-sclerotic
Senile
Combination of a and b (Nodular & Diffuse-sclerotic)
Apically located peripheral pulmonary carcinoma is represented by the eponym
Claude-Bernard-Horner syndrome
Pancoast-Tobias
Ptosis and miosis
Enophthalmus
Which diseases complicate silicosis?
Cor pulmonale chronicum
Tuberculosis
Pneumofibrosis
Claude-Bernard-Horner syndrome includes the following
Ptosis, midriasis, anhydrosis
Ptosis, miosis, increased sweating
Ptosis, miosis, pseudoenophthalmus
Anhydrosis
What possible gross changes do we see in lung carcinoma?
Pneumonia-like form
ill-defined central node connected to a bronchus
Linitis plastic
Peripheral ill-defined node
Chronic bronchitis is usually accompanied by
Squamous cell metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium
Phases of purulent inflammation
Productive cough for at least 2 months/year for 3 consecutive years
Productive cough for at least 3 months/year for 2 consecutive years
Squamous cell lung carcinoma occurs
In the middle lobe of the left lung
After squamous cell metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium of bronchi
As an ill-defined node connected to a bronchus
Forming nests of Tumour cells producing keratin
In small cell lung carcinoma we can observe
Numerous Tumour cells with scant stroma
The tumour cells resemble oat-grains
It grows in a pneumonia-like fashion
The tumour cells have very high proliferative rate
Bronchio-alveolar pulmonary carcinoma is characterised by
Forms papillary folds into the alveolar lumen
It is a form of squamous cell carcinoma
The cells produce keratin
It is a form of adenocarcinoma
Hodgkin lymphoma has
Five histological variants
Hodgkin cells
Reed-Sternberg cells
Polyclonal inflammatory background
In Hodgkin lymphoma we can observe
Effaced lymph node structure
Nodular sclerosis histological form
Mixed cellularity histological form
Chronic myeloleukemia
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be
Nodal
B-cell and T-cell types
Extranodal
None of the above
In chronic lympholeukemia in the liver can be seen
Myeloblasts
Mature lymphocytes and single lymphoblasts
Focal leukemic infiltrates in the portal spaces
Leukemic infiltrates in the sinusoids
Chronic myeloleukemia causes the following changes in liver
Effaced lobular structure
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of hepatocytes
Atrophy of hepatocytes
Leukaemic infiltrates in the sinusoids
In chronic myeloleukemia we observe the following
Long remissions even without treatment
Extreme hepato-splenomegaly
Anemia, hemorrhages, infections
Splenic infarctions
Which are the clinical phases of chronic myeloleukemia?
Chronic stable phase
Accelerated phase
Blast crisis
In Hodgkin lymphoma, mixed cellularity type
There can be seen numerous eosinophils
We can observe area with necrosis
Intact histological lymph nose structure
Giant bi-uncleared cells, called 'mirror image'
Plasmocytoma has the following features
Reed-Sternberg Tumour cells
Jelly-like raspberry red osteolytic bone lesion
The tumour cells have a large vacuolar nucleus with prominent nucleolus
The tumour cells have a round eccentric nucleus with a pale halo around it
Which of the following are examples of pathological processes in the oral cavity that can have an effect of internal organs?
Scarlet fever
Peritonsilar abscess
Epilus
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Which avitaminoses can be associated with changes in the oral cavity?
Vit. B6
Vit. B12
Vit. D
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause the following changes in the oral cavity
Glossomegaly
Hunter's tongue (atrophic gastritis)
Geographic tongue
Fibrinous gingivitis
What type of examination will you suggest to your patient if you diagnose him/her with atrophic glossitis (Hunter's tongue)?
Colonoscopy
Dermatoscopy
Gastroscopy
Hysteroscopy
If a patient with atrophic glossitis is examined with gastroscopy, what can be the findings in gastric mucosa?
Menetrier's disease
Atrophic autoimmune gastritis
Acute fibrinous gastritis
The risk of which disease does atrophic autoimmune gastritis carry?
Acute gastritis
Atrophy of the colonic mucosa
Rectal cancer
Gastric cancer
What are the usual changes in leukoplakia?
The epithelium is hyperkeratotic
Acanthosis in the epithelium
Chronic inflammation
Dysplasia in the epithelium can be observed
What can we observe in leukoplakia?
Parakeratosis
Dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Diabetes
Which of the following is true of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland
It is a benign tumour
It contains hyperplastic fatty tissue
It is firm and Lobulated
It is painful and inflamed
In chronic tonsillitis we can observe the following
Purulent exudate
Hypertrophic tonsillitis
Atrophic tonsillitis
It is a predisposing factor for the formation of epilus
The typical histological picture of epilus includes
Langhans giant multinuclear cells
Fresh haemorrhages and hemosiderin
Osteoclast-type multinuclear giant cells
It is a true tumour
Adamantinoma (amelloblastoma) is
A true tumour
An odontogenic tumour
When compressed the sound is described as flapping wings
When it is compressed the sound is described as eggshell cracking
Why is it necessary to comment on the presence or absence of H.pylori in gastric biopsies?
H.pylori is a risk factor for MALT lymphoma
H.pylori is a risk factor for duodenal cancer
H.pylori causes chronic gastritis
H.pylori is a severe fungal infection
Which of the following are possible complications of chronic gastric ulcer?
Penetration in the diaphragm
Pyloric stenosis
Which special stain help us determine the presence of H.pylori in gastric biopsies?
Van Gieson
Giemsa
Congo Red
The following changes can be observed in acute duodenal ulcer
Fibrinoid necrosis at the ulcer base
Inflammatory infiltrate with lymphocytes and plasma cells
Ulceration penetrating through muscularis mucosae, reaching muscularis propria
It often undergoes malignant transformation
What histological types of gastric cancer do you recognise?
Signet-ring cell carcinoma
Mucinous adenocarcinoma
In phlegmonous appendicitis we can observe the following
Peri-appendicitis
Lymphocyte infiltration in the mucosa
Neutrophilic infiltration throughout the thickness of the wall of the appendix
Constriction of the blood vessels of the serosa
Phlegmonous appendicitis is characterised by
Purulent exudate in the lumen
Hypoplasia of the lymph follicles
Hyperplastic activated lymph follicles
Hyperemic blood vessels of the serosa
Gangrenous appendicitis is characterised by
Lymphocytic infiltration of the mucosa
Thrombosis of blood vessels
Necrosis of the wall of the appendix
Severe inflammation through the wall of the appendix
What are the causes which may lead to micro-nodular liver cirrhosis?
Acute viral hepatitis
Chronic viral hepatitis
Cardiogenic shock
Chronic alcoholism
Which of the types of necrosis are found in chronic active hepatitis?
Piece-meal necrosis
Adjacent necrosis
Bridging necrosis
Why does the level of calcium in the blood has prognostic value in acute pancreatitis?
Calcium is deposited in the bones
Calcium levels in the blood slower with the progression of steato-necrosis
Calcium reacts with fatty acids to form soaps
It has no prognostic value
Some of the gross features of acute pancreatitis are
Enlarged liver
Steatonecrosis of the fatty tissue around and inside the pancreas
Haemorrhages in the tissues of the pancreas
Fibrosis in the tissues of the pancreas
What histological changes can be observed in chronic hepatitis?
Chronic cholecystitis
Inflammatory infiltrates
Massive necrosis of hepatocytes
Fibrotic septa
Chronic cholecystitis is characterised by the following
Often it is accompanied by cholelithiasis
It has no association with cholelithiasis
Can cause adhesions
It is caused by viral infection
Which is the following can be complications caused by chronic cholecystitis?
Peritonitis
Obstruction of d.choledochus
Cholestasis
Pancreatitis
After consuming poisonous mushrooms, a patient shows signs of acute liver failure with progressive reduction of the size of the liver. What process has developed in the liver?
Massive hepatic necrosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
After consuming poisonous mushrooms, a patient shows signs of acute liver failure with progressive reduction of the size of the liver. Besides liver failure, what other complication can worsen the patient's clinical condition?
Left sided heart failure
Right sided heart failure
Pyelonephritis
Which of the following can occur after a streptococcal tonsillitis?
Post-infectious cholecystitis
Post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Minimal change disease of the kidneys
Acute rheumatism
Which types of glomerulonephritis are clinically presented by nephritic syndrome?
Diffuse endocapillary glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Which types of glomerulonephritis are clinically presented by nephrotic syndrome?
What findings can be observed in glomerulonephritis?
Klebsiella
E.coli
Streptococcus
The urine is sterile
Which type of glomerulonephritis is 'crescentic'?
'Big white kidney' can be observed in the following cades
Amyloidosis of the kidney
Nephrosclerotic glomerulonephritis
Which of the following histological changes are associated with tubal pregnancy?
Chorionic Villi and decidual Changes of the endometrium
Monstrous trophoblast, hydropic chorionic villi
Hematoma in Fallopian tube, chorionic villi invading the muscular layer of the tube, decidual changes of the endometrium
Cervical intraepithelial lesion, third grade
Which of the following histological changes are associated with mola hydatidosa?
Monstrous trophoblast, hydropic chorionic villi without feral blood capillaries
Which of the following histological changes are associated with abortion (miscarriage) ?
Specify the associated clinical symptoms in dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix
No clinical symptoms
Scarce contact bleeding
Fever
Enlarged inguinal lymph nodes
Why if curettage from a suspected pregnancy shows only decidual changes, the gynaecologist should be notified immediately?
There is an increased risk for endometrial carcinoma
There is an increased risk of associated mola hydatidosa
There is an increased risk of associated intraepithelial lesion of the cervix
There is a high risk of associated tubal pregnancy
Mola hydatidosa has the following characteristics
Grossly it resembles grape-like structures
Chorionic villi have fetal capillaries
Chorionic villi are with hydropic edema
Chorionic villi lack fetal blood vessels
Examples of ovarian cysts are
Follicular cyst
Cystadenoma papilliferum
Mature teratoma (dermoid cyst)
Colloid cyst
Which hormones play a role in breast diseases?
Somatropin
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone
How does the breast cancer metastasise?
Primarily via lymphogenic spread
Distantly via hematogenous spread
Fibro-epithelial spread
Apocrine spread
