No urine voided or 24-hour urine output less than 50 mL

Painful or difficult urination

Excessive output of urine (diuresis)

Scanty or greatly diminished amount of urine voided in a given time; 24-hour urine output is less than 400 mL

Presence of sugar in the urine

Presence of protein in the urine

Pus in the urine; urine appears cloudy

Stoppage of urine production

Urine is produced normally but is not excreted completely from the bladder.

Involuntary loss of urine

Strong desire to void

Capable of causing damage to the kidneys

Awakening at night to urinate

Urinating during sleep or bedwetting

People whose bladders are no longer controlled by the brain because of injury or disease

The process of emptying the bladder through the urethra and out of the body

Bacteria in the urine

Blood in the urine

Targeting the pelvic floor muscles (muscles that are contracted to stop urinating in midstream or to control defecation)
with a regular routine of tightening and relaxing

Sudden decline in kidney function

End result of irreparable damage to the kidneys, developing slowly over many years

Mechanical way of filtering waste from the blood for patients who experience severely decreased or total loss of kidney function