What are minerals?
Inorganic elements
Organic elements
Proteins
Substrates found most often in processed foods
How are major minerals defined?
Inorganic materials
Organic materials
>100mg per day needed
<100mg per day needed
How are trace minerals defined
Less than 100mg per day needed
More than 100mg per day needed
What do many minerals serve as?
Cofactors essential for enzyme activity
Enzymes essential for cofactors activity
Nutrients
Protein carriers
Which of these are not trace elements
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Sodium
Potassium
Which of these are not trace elements?
Fluoride
Manganese
Molybdenum
Chloride
Calcium
Phosphorus
Selenium
Iodine
Chromium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Which of these are electrolytes?
What are electrolytes essential for?
Nerve conduction
Muscle contraction
Muscle relaxation
Lipid transport
Nerve suppressant
What does balancing electrolytes do?
Helps balance body fluids
Makes body fluids irregular
Limits lipid movement
Limits loss of water
What is the modern diet?
High in Na low in K
High in K low in Na
Equal amounts of K and Na
Varying amounts of K and Na
Diets high in what may lower the risk of hyper tension?
How is calcium absorbed in the digestive tract?
Active transport
Passive transport
What is the bioavailability of calcium decreased by?
Tannins
Fiber
Phytates
Oxalates
What does calcium have a vital role in?
Nerve transmission
Blood pressure regulation
Release of hormones
What hormones are important in regulation of blood calcium?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Angiotensin
Renin
What is a poor source of magnesium?
Processed foods
Leafy green vegetables
Nuts
Seeds
Bananas
Wholegrains
What may provide a significant amount of magnesium?
Hard water
Soft water
Which of these is not likely to have a phosphorus deficiency?
Premature infants
Vegans
Alcoholics
Chronic diarrhea patients
Healthy people
What can a phosphorus deficiency lead to?
Bone loss
Weakness
Loss of appetite
Hunger
Excessive bone growth
What is the UL of phosphorus?
4g/day
12g/day
20g/day
What can excessive intake of phosphorus lead to?
Bone resorption
Breakdown of bone
Loss of apetite
Diarrhea
In the digestive tract How much of the magnesium in the diet is absorbed?
About 50%
About 10%
About 90%
About 100%
When does absorption efficiency of magnesium decrease? (In the digestive tract)
As intake increases
As intake decreases
Randomly
During fasting state
What enhances absorption of magnesium to a small extent?
Active form of vitamin D
Inactive form of vitamin D
Vitamin C
The active form of vitamin K
What decreases absorption of magnesium?
Phytate
Phylase
Vitamin D
What reduces absorption of magnesium?
High dietary calcium
Vitamin E
Where is most of the magnesium in the body?
50-60% in the bone
50-60% in the intestine
50-60% in the blood
50-60% in the brain
What is the 2nd most abundant positively charged intracellular ion?
Which of these is not a function of magnesium?
Associated with negatively charged particles
Regulation of calcium homeostasis
Needed for action of vitamin D, PTH and other hormones
A cofactor for over 300 enzymes
Breakdown of fat
What regulates the blood levels of magnesium?
Kidneys
Liver
Brain
Stomach
When can a deficiency of magnesium occur?
Alcoholism
Malnutrition
With certain diseases and medications
Impaired kidney function
When may magnesium toxicity occur?
In people with impaired kidney function
Where is sulfur found in the diet?
In organic molecules
In some inorganic food preservatives
In bananas
In bread
What is zinc?
An enzyme
A protein
A carbohydrate
What issues occur with excess zinc?
Lowered immune function
Reduced concentration of HDL cholesterol
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Impaired iron absorption
Impaired copper absorption
