Hue defines
a catalog of how much energy there is at each wavelength in a given light.
monochromatic light.
the relative amount of chromatic energy in a light source or surface.
A colour direction.
relative brightness (or what is sometimes referred to as lightness).
One fundamental restriction of trichromatic colour matching is that you can use
only those primaries that can also be used for hue-cancellation tasks in assessing colour opponency.
any three primaries as long as two of the three don't add up to match the third.
Only primaries which selectively activate each cone photoreceptor.
Only monochromatic or near chromatic light
Subjective contours can create the impression of
brightness
boundaries
form
other subjective colours
all of the above
The representation of sound on the basilar membrane is such that there are
resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on frequency.
resonance patterns of freely vibrating oscillators with a maximum position dependent on the amplitude of the sine wave.
traveling waves in an envelope whose maximum position depends on frequency.
standing waves with wavelength related to frequency.
traveling envelopes of vibrations related to the amplitude of the sound.
Which of the following is true about colour?
It is entirely a psychological property.
It is a fundamental property of light.
It is an inherent property of objects.
All of the above.
The term prägnanz refers to
a Gibbsonian principle of direct perception.
good form.
the parts being greater than the whole.
both a and b
Panum's fusion area is the delimited region
near the horopter surface where monocular images are confused.
where selective attention is given to monocular stimulation from one eye or the other.
near the horopter surface where binocular disparate images are fused.
where we get the impression of 3D given by a shadow of an object rotating in 2D.
How are sound frequencies arranged in the auditory cortex?
The cochlea and the primary cortex are tonotopically organized, but the intermediate stages are not.
Tonotopic organization is a feature of all parts of the auditory system.
The neural parts of the auditory system are tonotopic, but the cochlea is not.
The primary auditory cortex is not arranged according to frequency.
The psychophysically-derived auditory tuning curves reveal
an inverted U-shape characteristic of symmetrical sensitivity declines with flanking frequencies.
narrower tuning curves for lower frequency sinusoidal tones.
broader U-shaped curves at lower frequencies.
properties indicative of asymmetric masking profiles.
Objects located on the horopter surface will
appear as corresponding images on the two retinas
not appear at corresponding points on the two retinas
be perceived as moving faster relative to objects further away
look smaller than objects located in front of Panum's fusion area
The CIE diagram represents
all possible lights as combinations of three primary colours
the broadband loci for the visual system
all monochromatic lights
imaginary colours
The retina is exposed to 420 nm (extreme short wavelength) light. Light of this short wavelength will have its maximum effect on the ________________ opponent-process channel(s).
blue and green components of the r-g.
blue component of the y-b
blue and yellow components of the y-b
red component of the r-g
In the audition lecture, we learned that
inner hair cells are receptors designed to respond to sound wave frequencies.
mechanoreceptors of the inner hair cells are responsive to sound wave frequencies in scala tympani.
inner hair cells are more susceptible to disease than outer hair cells
there are more inner than outer hair receptors in the cochlea.
efferent fibres emerging from the inner hair cells project ipsilaterally to MGN and then to olivary nuclei.
Convergence of lines toward a single point in the horizon provides
familiar size cues
interposition cues
aerial perspective cues
linear perspective cues
texture cues
The trichromatic system is predominantly located in the
ipsilateral layers of the LGN which project to the blob regions of the cortex
higher visual pathway (i.e. the cortex)
lower visual pathway (i.e. the retina)
both b and c
none of the above (trichromacy is found throughout the visual pathway)
A patient who has deficits in correctly identifying objects they see, but has no trouble drawing or copying objects may be showing signs of...
apperceptive agnosia.
achromatopsia
associative agnosia
visuospatial dysagnosia
sensory ataxia
Transforming the R, G, B tristimulus space into a two-dimensional, Cartesian (x, y) coordinate system can be done by
normalizing the amount of primaries to the peak of the SWS spectral sensitivity function
using only imaginary primaries
converting the tristimulus values into a proportion of unit total energy
collapsing the B axis to 0.0
both c and d
Providing a context of expectations is an example of
bottom-up processing
the Feature Extracting Model
top-down processing
b and c
none of the above
The problem with template matching...
is that templates must be able to shift orientation/position to take into account all the different perspectives we can take of objects
features that are easily recognized as being the same class may be very different physically
a character may be recognized as one thing even though it more closely matches another
Another word for an object's reflectance is:
umbra
albedo
retinex
sparkle
The cochlea codes for frequency by:
the place along the basilar membrane where action potentials are generated
the sum of action potential activity from a number of receptor cells along the basilar membrane
action potentials that are "phase-locked" to the stimulus frequency
Changing the intensity of a stimulus can change the ______________ of the stimulus.
Hue
Colour
saturation
The binocular depth cue convergence
involves a bulging of the lens.
involves the extraocular muscles of the eye
is effective only at distances greater than about 10 feet from the observer
involves a comparison of the images in the left and right eye
is monocular only because of its synkinetic relationship with accommodation (i.e. A/C ratio)
The pandemonium model is an excellent example of
parallel processing
serial processing
both parallel and serial processing
The general premise of structuralism is that _________________.
the conscious experience must be considered globally
mental experiences result from a core set of elementary building blocks that are assembled together in the mind
the whole figure is saturated with a property as as unit that is not evident when it is broken down and analyzed as a collection of features
top-down processing best explains the processes involved in visual perception
c and d
Compared to the tuning curves (amplitude of vibration versus frequency) for a particular location on the basilar membrane, the tuning curve for a single cochlear nucleus cell receiving nerve fibres that contact the hair cells at the same location is
peaked at different frequency but identical width
peaked at the same frequency but somewhat narrower
identical
peaked at the same frequency but somewhat broader
An observation explained by opponent process colour theory and NOT by trichromatic colour theory is
we all require four names (red, yellow, green, blue) to name the colours of the spectrum
we require three primary colours (red, green, blue) to match any coloured light
there are three cone types, each with a different pigment
subtractive solour mixture does not follow the same laws as additive mixture
According to the Synthesizer Models, the two types of stimuli are characterized as
ventral and dorsal
proximal and dorsal
ventral and distal
proximal and distal
The increase spatial frequency of scene elements as distance increases provides
Panama's fusion area
texture gradients
motion parallax
elevation cues
linear perspective
Each spatial channel is ______ to a specific range of ______
optimally sensitive, frequencies
optimally sensitive, wavelengths
insensitive, colours
sensitive, intensities
In the Pandemonium model, what is the correct hierarchical order of the demons (detectors)?
feature, image, cognitive, decision
image, feature, cognitive, decisions
image, decision, feature, cognitive
feature, decision, image, cognitive
An important function of the ossicles in the middle ear is to
focus vibrations on the appropriate portion of the basilar membrane
equalize the pressures between the scala tympani and basilar membrane
prevent leakage of cochlear fluid
match the impedances between air and fluid of the cochlea
The area of the cochlea that sees the most hair cell activity is found at the ____ of the basilar membrane nearest the ____ window
apex, oval
bottom two-thirds, round
scala tympani, tectorial
scala vestibuli, round
base, oval
According to zone theory, the luminance channel is primarily driven by the
r-g and y-b cones
MWS and SWS cones
LWS cones
MWS and LWS cones
S cones because their genotypic similarity to the rods
Which law of organization dominates our perceptive of ---> ^ < >
simplicity
closure
proximity
similarity
The Gestalt principles of perceptual organization are based on the idea that
the whole figure is greater than the sum of its parts
the sum of the parts of a figure is greater than the whole
images are projected no the same retinal space
"Good" forms are hard to see
Colour constancy is the ability to assign correctly a judgement of
hue regardless of changes in narrowband illuminance
hue regardless of changes in broadband illuminance
whiteness or blackness regardless of changes in illuminance
whiteness or blackness exclusively under the same illuminance conditions
The reason that sunlight appears white is because
subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white
all other colours of the spectrum are absorbed by surrounding objects
white light is the only colour reflected by the sum
it is a mixture of all the spectral colours
The travelling waves on the basilar membrane of the cochlea
remain the same size as they travel from base to apex
change size as they travel, so they reach a maximum amplitude at a location typical for the sound frequency
can travel from apex to base if stimulation is at the apex
are actually stationary; it is their envelope that travels from apex to base
primary activate the OHC and not the IHC, because the OHC stereocilia are physically embedded in the tectorial membrane
The current best explanation for the apparent closeness of the horizon moon compared to the zenith moon depends on the relationship between registered distance (RD) and judged distance (JD) in which
RD makes the moon appear larger at the zenith
RD is always accurate, but JD varies with viewing conditions
RD is determined by visual angel, while JD is always its inverse
RD is based on the "flattened bowl" effect, JD is based on perceived distance distance derived from RD
RD and JD must differ because they are in separate pathways
Top-down processing implies
that "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centers
the perception of the stimulus in its individual elements
the recognition of patterns which are upside down
the recognition of textures
On one side of a bipartite field is 100 photons of 500nm "green" light; on the other side is 100 photons of 660nm "red" light. If I want to minimize the brightness border between these two fields, what would I have to do?
Make them equiluminant by increasing the intensity on the 660nm side
Make them equally radiant by increasing the number of photons on the 500nm side
Filter both sides so that only monochromatic light arrives in my eyes, and then I make a brightness adjustment
Make them equiliminant by increasing the quantal number on the "green" side to accommodate V1
Top-down processing implies:
That "higher" processes modulate and guide the processing done at "lower" centres
The perception of stimulus in its individual elements
The recognition of patterns which are upside down
The recognitive of textures
Gilchrist showed that knowing the properties of an illuminant
will establish a lightness judgement when matching the grey Munsell chips
will establish a ratio match with the Munsell values
will move matching Munsell values value away from lower luminance values
Quanta absorbed more by erythrolabe than chlorolabe pigments will more than likely activate the
r-g channel weighted towards the g component
r-g channel weighted towards the r component
y-b channel weighted towards the y component
luminance channel weighted towards the (LWS + MWS) - SWS components
From which of the following structures does the primary auditory cortex receive direct inputs
superior olivary complex
nucleus of the lateral lemniscus
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
cochlear nucleus
In the pandemonium model, image demons ______
are equivalent to cortical neurons
seek evidence from the shouts of feature demons to recognize objects in the visual field
are equivalent to cells in V1 only
ultimately decide what pattern is present
report whether there is light at a particular place in the visual field
In the retinex theory, lightness is
built up from the ratios of luminance at various borders
built up exclusively from the mean luminance of the image
the same as brightness enhancement
defined as reflectance
the same as brightness
The above illusion is best exemplified by the ___ and is mediated by ___ (note the two black lines are the same lenght) <-----> vs. >-----<
Poggendorf illusion; false depth cues
Corridor illusion; shape constancy
Muller-Lyer illusion; texture and parallax cues
Pronzo illusion; false depth cues
familiarity of lines; all but the binocular depth cues
Most cortical cells tuned to disparities near the horopter surface, or to detecting crossings of the horopter surface, seem to be found
in the retina
in LGN
in the magnocellular pathways
in the parvocellular pathways
P1 latency is an evoked potential related to
The accumulated sum of delays in synaptic propagation through the central auditory pathways
Cortical and sub-cortical feedback loop activity in response to inner hair cell action potential
The ability of children with cochlear implants to understand speech as related to age
Ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathway activity in the brainstem
Objects placed higher in the scene will tend to be perceived as being farther away due to
interposition
binocular disparity
aerial perspective
Deuteranopes lack
SWS cones
MWS cones
y-b channels
Blue (or B-) cones
According to the recent Scientific American article "Seeing Forbidden Colours", Crane and Piantanida stabilized retinal coloured images using an eye tracker and demonstrated
the perceptual blending of "red" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
the perceptual blending of "green" and "blue" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
the perceptual blending of "blue" and "yellow" bipartite fields across a diminishing border
the perceptual awareness of luminance in an otherwise isochromatic bipartite border
the perceptual shutdown of all chromatic signals across the diminishing bipartite border
The hue-cancellation technique
was used by Jameson and Hurvich in 1995 to reintroduce colour opponent as an extension of Ewald Hering's trichromatic theory
shows that the composition of spectral colours can be represented by three primaries
quantifies the strengths of the r-g and y-b channels across the spectrum
Which pairs of points of the two eyeballs above represent the greatest amount of image disparity
A and G
B and J
D and H
C and H because they are foveal
C and A because both points are within the same eye
The person who looks smaller in the Ames room looks smaller because
she actually is smaller than the other person
she has a larger visual angle, so size constancy causes her to appear smaller
she has a small visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance
she has the same visual angle than the other person but is actually much further away
she has a larger visual angle than the other person but appears to be at the same distance
This perceptual grouping refers to patterns or items that are moving in the same direction at the same speed
common fate
continuity
We perceive the above figure as a dark circle superimposed onto a square because
of Pragnanz
humans tend to perceived dark shapes in front of lighter ones
we always desire to view obscured figural relations
humans tend to perceive complex shapes instead of simple ones
of Utah
The outer hair cells of the cochlea are responsible for
transduction of mechanical energy to electrical energy
sharpening and fine tuning of the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
acting as a disease resistant mechanism by regulating anaerobic metabolism in the cochlea
supporting the tectoral membrane of the Organ of Corti
Vibration of the basilar membrane
creates sheer forces on the stereocilia of hair cells
is amplified by the action of inner hair cells (IHC)
does not occur when the tensor tympani is contracted
Both a and b
Cochlear implants electrodes
are positioned along the cochlear length so that different tectorial membranes can be stimulated simultaneously
directly activate the auditory nerve by stimulating the nerve at different sites along the cochlear length
are useful only when the basilar membrane is intact
when the don't work the first time are removed and repositioned into place to ensure an accurate tonotopic map
both b and d
Black
is highly saturated
reflects all wavelengths unless the surface is subtractive
is a broad-band aperture colour
can only be seen by normal trichromats
is a relative colour based on surrounding light
When an artist mixes two or more pigmented paints, this is the result
there is more light in the mixture than in each component
the mixture allows the reflection of long and short wavelengths and prevents reflection of medium wavelengths
the mixture allows the reflection of long wavelengths and prevents reflection of the medium and short wavelengths
there is less light in the mixture than in any of the components
light reflected is based on which paints are combined in the additive mixture
The prolonging of P1 waveform latencies in late cochlear-implanted children is evidence for
Abnormal multisensory integration in children who receive auditory stimulation later in life
Parasitization of the auditory cortex by adjacent cortical regions
The abnormal integration of a normal visual system with an impaired auditory system
Increased cortical plasticity of the visual cortex
All but d
What attaches to the round window in the cochlea?
the incus, thereby acting as a fulcrum
the stapes, which exerts pressure in the fluid filled cochlear chambers
the malleus, which exerts pressure on the tympanic membrane
Reissner's membrane, necessary for tectorial membrane actions on the outer hair cells
A systematic relationship between the spatial position of cortical cells and the frequencies of sound to which those cells are sensitive is known as a
sonotopic map
acoustic map
auditory map
tonotopic map
pinna map
The fact that all colours may be matched with a set of three primary demonstrates that
all colours contain only three wavelengths
at some point in the visual system, there are three independent chromatic systems
no two of the three cones types can be sensitive to any given wavelength
colour is NOT processed by opponent systems
The cochlear is responsible for:
balance and hearing
ear infections
transduction of mechanical energy to action potential
fine tuning of the traveling wave through efferent signals from the auditory cortex
Which of the following Gestalt laws states that items that share common features will be grouped together?
The binding problem in the feature integration theory refers to
how objects are combined in a visual scene
how some features are more salient than others
how past experiences influences our perceptual interpretations
how elementary features are assembled into a visual objects
In the assigned reading on "Forbidden Colours", participants were able to see novel colours that are usually impossible to perceive (e.g, blueish-yellow) when ______
the participants stared at fields of colours separated on the horizontal axis that were motionless, with one field distinctly brighter than the other
the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were constantly in motion irrespective of luminance
the participants stared at side-by-side fields of opponent colours that were motionless and matched for luminance
both a and c
To perceptually distinguish objects that differ solely on wavelength, we need a minimum of ___ different receptor mechanisms
one
two
three
four
any number as long as the photoreceptors neurologically converge to 3 types of ganglion cells
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which of the following loci (designated by letters) will appear to have the least amount of saturation?
A
B
C
D
None of the above
(Using the above CIE figure to answer this question) Which pair of wavelengths (connected by continuous lines) are complimentary?
the 580-480nm pair because the connecting line cutes through point B
the 500-560nm pair because the connecting line cuts through the "green" region of the CIE
the 540-450nm pair because the connecting line is near the collapsed origin
the 520nm - 0.6 x-coordinate because the connection line cuts through the alychne and non spectral purples
To determine the dominant wavelength of colour specified at locus C, you would need to
draw a line through point C to the opposite side of the graph and locate the wavelength where the line bisects the spectral curve
determine the distance from C to point B
draw a line from point C to the origin and measure the saturation distance
draw a line through point C and B and measure the bisecting point on the spectral curve nearest to C
If you were to adapt to a red vertical grating and a green horizontal grating by alternately viewing one and then the other, and then inspect a pattern made of black and white gratings of the same frequency, what would you see
the vertical black and white areas would appear greenish, and the horizontal areas would appear reddish
the vertical black and white areas would appear yellowish, and the horizontal areas would appear bluish
the vertical black and white areas would appear reddish and the horizontal areas would appear greenish
the vertical black and white areas would appear bluish and the horizontal areas would appear yellowish
Julesz's experiments with random dot stereograms show that
it is possible to perceive depth based only on the cue of overlap
it is possible to perceive depth when there is no disparity
it is possible to perceive depth when there is only disparity
motion parallax is necessary for depth perception
The different motion velocities of objects at different distances (with a movement direction opposite that of an observe's) is called
fusion area
binocular parallax
kinetic depth effect
What the Muller-Lyer, Pronto and Ames room illusion have in common is that they all involve
shape constancy
good-form conflicts
form and shape conflicts
size and depth conflicts
The problem of the missing fundamental may be explained by supporting that
the brain reconstructs the missing fundamental based on an analysis of the hormonic components
the peak in the basilar membrane corresponds to the fundamental frequency
cochlear neurons fire at a rate that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
The perception of "green" is due to
approximately equal stimulation of LWS and MWS cones
a greater stimulation of MWS than LWS cones
the stimulation of primarily LWS cones
a decreased weighted "green" opponent response
According to the concept of simultaneous contrast _________
An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a black background
An object of moderate reflectance looks darker in front of black background that it would in front of a white background
An object of moderate reflectance looks the same regardless of background colour
An object of moderate reflectance is most accurately perceived when presented against a white background
An object of moderate reflectance looks lighter in front of a black background than it would in front of a white background
What was one of the fundamental advantages of chromatic opponent that was discussed in class?
it enables individuals to have greater sensitivity to longer and shorter wavelengths
it allows for the perception of magentas, purples, etc. that use both LWS and SWS cone inputs
differencing operations enables the brain to discriminate wavelength signals more efficiently
it enables individuals to produce signals that are both chromatic and luminance based
(Use this figure to answer question) Two eyes above are fixating on point X. Three points A, B and C are located at the positions shown in the diagram. Which point will result in retinal images that have the least amount of disparity
both A and C if they lie in Panama's fusion area
(Use this figure to answer question) In the same image diagram, Panum's area is delineated by which arc(s)?
r and s
s and q
r and q
q only
r only
(Use this figure to answer question) Referring to the above diagram, which point(s) will produce crossed disparity?
A and B
X
C and X
(Use this figure to answer question) Objects located on arc q will produce
images that are crossed
images that are uncrossed
crossed disparity
corresponding images
Data from experiments on afterimages, complementary colours, and colour naming support a(n)
monochromatic model
opponent process model
trichromatic model
hierarchical, top-down model
Which of the following statements was not made by Gestalt theorist
a subjective experience and its underlying neural event have similar structures
complex perceptions can be understood by identifying the elementary parts of experience
the whole is different from the sum of its part
shape and melody are examples of emergent properties
stimuli create electric fields in the brain that interact and converge toward a state of minimum energy
Many of the great Impressionistic artists
were on drugs
used the principles of assimilation to convey colour contrasts
used the subtractive mixing principles of pigment to convey properties of light in their paintings
relied on additivity to convey properties of light
In additive colour mixing, there is
more light in the mixture than in any component
less light in the mixture than in any component
a constant amount of light in both the mixture and any component
only light mixture: you cannot demonstrate additive mixture using coloured pigments
selective filtering of certain wavelengths over others
The transduction from mechanical energy (sound) into neural energy in the ear takes place when
the tectorial membrane is bend, allowing perilymph and endolymph to mix
traveling waves push the endolymph through the helicotrema
the rods of Corte are pressed against Reissner's membrane, opening chloride channels
the cilia on hair cells are sheared sideways, causing depolarization
Sound waves are transducer into mechanical energy in the ____ and then into neural signals in the _____
middle ear, cochlea
cochlea, inner ear
auditory meatus, middle ossicles
inner ear, middle ear
basilar membrane, tectorial membrane
The monocular depth cue, aerial (or atmospheric) perspective is due in part to
size familiarity
Rayleigh light scatter
stereoscopic fusion
Which light source shows a high spike of energy at just one wavelength
tungsten light bulb
laser
fluorescent light bulb
sunlight
The grouping of feature into figures is referred to as a
pre-attentive process
conscious process
principle of proximity
principle of similarity
The pattern of firing of a single auditory nerve finer in response to a 500 Hz tone is likely to be (Note: the period of a 500 Hz wave is 2 msec)
fairly random, with intervals between successive spikes of almost any duration
tightly synchronized with the sound wave, with one impulse every 2 msec
uncorrelated with the phase of the sound wave, but with intervals of 500 msec
synchronized with the phase of the sound wave, with intervals of 2 msec, 4 msec, 6 msec, etc. (all multiple of 2 msec)
In the figure above, the circle marked "A" may appear larger than the one marked "B" (although they are the same size). This may be because
circle "A" appears closer
circle "B" appears closer
"A" subtends a larger visual angle
the lines cause a misrepresentation of the visual angles, making the angles for "B" seem larger
A test disk whose luminance is 50 miliLambert (mL) is viewed against a 25mL background. A comparison disk is viewed against a 100mL background; the subject's task is to set the luminance of the comparison disk so that it appears the same "lightness" as the test disk. According to Retinex, the comparison disk should be set to about
50 mL
75 mL
125 mL
200 mL
250 mL
The auditory receptors in the inner ear are near or in contact with the
Corti cells
listeners
tectorial membrane
hair cells
Reissner's membrane
In a pure tone, the pressure change from baseline to the peaks of the sinusoidal function is called the
frequency
pitch
intensity
amplitude
In order to achieve colour constancy, you need
surrounding complexity to judge luminance and/or chromatic border ratios
knowledge about the illuminant
a broadband illuminant
surface and shadow cues that help define the spectral nature of the illuminant
The speed of sound is dependent upon
the characteristics of the medium
the intensity of the sound
the sound frequency
The detection of spatial frequencies is premised on the existence of _____ in the visual system
multiple spatial frequency channels
one large Fournier analyzer
ganglion cells
cognitive demons
The fact that a middle C can be played on a piano, flute, and guitar, yet sound different, is called
timbre
harmonics
(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) The graph above shows the results of Holway and Boring's size estimation experiment in which observers set the size of a comparison circle so it matched their perception of the size of a test circle. Which line best characterizes size constancy with dept information present?
(Using the distance of test vs. size of comparison graph) Which line represents size estimation based solely on image height (visual angle)?
none of the above, size estimation is not possible based solely on visual angle
Which of the following is true of dichromatic vision?
three primaries are still needed for colour matching
colour matches can be made on the basis of only two primaries
dichromate can only perceive contrast differences
colour matches can be made on the basis of a single primary
In order to test saturation discrimination, experiments measure
how much a "red" light needs to be added to another coloured light of equal luminance before it looks different from a pure coloured light
how much of a coloured light needs to be added to another before the mixture looks grey
how much of a coloured light needs to be added to a white light before it looks different from a white light
how much of a "black" light needs to be added to a coloured light before it looks grey
Which of the following is NOT a complication regarding the relationship between frequency and pitch?
Changes in a tone's intensity has a different effect on high and low frequency tones.
A particular pitch sensation may occur in the absence of the signal that corresponds to that particular frequency
The intensity of a tone can affect its pitch even when the frequency remains unchanged
all of the above are complications.
If motion perception is mainly a function of the magnocellular system, then what do you think would happen if you were to move (drift) equiluminant red and green stripes?
The stripes will appear to stop moving.
The perceived speed of the moving gratings will accelerate.
The red striped will appear green, and the green stripes will appear red.
Both A and C
The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve cannot be due to the cochlea because
the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies
the basilar membrane's mechanical response function is for the most part similar across a range of frequencies.
The U-shaped profile of the minimum audibility curve is due to the cochlea.
its mechanical response function differs across a broad range of frequencies.
Colour constancy does not occur when
the scene is viewed under aperture conditions
objects are viewed through a tube whereby only a small part of the scene is in view
objects are viewed under narrow-band light sources
When we change the accommodative state, this gives us clues about distance because
far objects require less optical power than close ones
near objects require less optical power than more distant ones.
focusing on distant and then close objects requires more optical power than focusing on close objects and then distant
none of the above.
The current view regarding pitch perception with a complex musical tone is that
the spatial pattern of peak wave activity on the basilar membrane is recognized by the brain as a single pitch.
only the harmonics activate the basilar membrane
only the fundamental frequency activates the basilar membrane
it is perceived as multiple frequency components
In order to successfully use the retinal image size is a cue for distance, you must
be familiar with the objects to know its approximate size
use both of your eyes to determine who much the eyes are converging on the object
both of your eyes to compare the retinal image size in each eye
A Fourier analysis is
a representation of the frequency and amplitude of a complex period pattern into a single function.
a way of combining individual sine waves into a complex period pattern
the mathematical process of decomposing a complex period pattern into a series of sine wave functions
The fact that the colour appearance of a light or object depends on the surrounding colours is called
wavelength discrimination threshold
colour constancy
colour contrast
chromatic efficiency
Which of the following stimuli will cause the largest activity in V4?
Alternating black and white striations
A steady, circular monochromatic stimulus.
A white "bouncing ball" presented on a CRT
A brightly coloured Mondrian
What is the different between conductive loss and sensorineural loss?
no difference, the are the same condition
conductive loss involved outer and middle ear, sensorineural loss involves the inner ear
sensorineural loss involves outer and middle ear, conductive loss involves the inner ear
the former is due to a congenital disorder only
A pattern in which figure and ground can be interchanged such that two different patterns can be perceived are called
subjective contours
impossible figures
ambiguous figures
metacontrast figures
Phase locking occurs when
the sensitive period for cortical plasticity ends
one or more inner hair cells generate action potentials synchronous with stimulus frequency
inner hair cell activity cannot replicate the traveling wave on the basilar membrane
P1 latency is high, suggesting abnormal action potential propagation
Light that is not reflected is ______ by an object, and this is dependent on the ______ of the objects surface
refracted; pigment and texture
exuded; density and size
absorbed; pigment and texture
mirrored; density and pigment
The colour signal refers to
the surface reflectance properties as it selects certain wavelengths over other
the reflected light entering the eyes after considering the spectral content of incident light and surface reflectance.
the spectral content of the illuminant and how this affects the absorption properties of the L, M, and S cones.
the surface transmittance filtering properties that are essential for surface invariance.
The response of a +Y-B cell in the LGN ("yellow"cell) to a flash of 520 nm ("bluish) light is
increased firing at onset, decreased firing at offset
decreased firing at onset, increased firing at offset
no response
increased firing at both onset and offset
One way that sound intensity is translated into loudness by the brain is
by the pressure exerted on the round window
by the amount of pressure that is felt on the eardrum
by assessing the subset of auditory neurons firing for each specific intensity
A central input of S cones in an excitatory manner along with a flanking inhibitory input from both L and M cones
can account for a B+ central; Y- surround double opponent cell
can account for a Y+ central; B- surround double opponent cell
can account for a B+ central; Y- surround achromatic Type 1 cell
can converge to produce an L+M in tandem "yellow" responding cell
will produce an L-M antagonistic "red/green" opponent ganglion cell
What is meant by "constancy"?
the physical characteristics of objects do not change under different viewing conditions
the physical characteristics of objects are only the same under the same viewing conditions
an unchanging illuminant
an object must be maintained a the same orientation to identify it
If I am making a judgment of colourations in a complex scene with the brightest area of the scene serving as a reference point, I can make
brightness judgments that are dependent on intensity only
lightness judgments necessary for constancy
chroma judgments
assess the properties of related colours
all but A
Apperceptive agnosia is:
the inability to recognize shapes, copy drawings, or identify objects
the inability to appreciate music
a deficit in language production
an inability to see even though the early visual system is fully functional
If a waveform took 4 seconds to complete a single cycle, the frequency would be _________.
4 Hz
0.25 Hz
2 Hz
0.5 Hz
An equiluminant stimulus that contains only a chromatic boundary (chromatic contrast) will NOT be discerned by
the parvocellular stream
the magnocellular stream
both the parvocellular and magocellular streams
blobs
Protanopes lack
cyanolabe-containing photoreceptors
chlorolabe-containing photoreceptors
Form perception takes place in which neural pathway?
magnocellular
koinocellular
parvocellular
retino-cellula
Size constancy is highly dependent on being able to:
use both eyes
use a ruler
the illuminant
the presence of environmental distance cues
What usually happens when a participant is shown a pattern that can be interpreted in one of two ways (i.e. ambiguous figure), after being shown a pattern that is unambiguously one interpretation or the other?
The interpretation of the ambiguous figure is always the same
The interpretation of the unambiguous pattern depends on bottom-up processing of the ambiguous figure.
The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern is different each time it is perceived.
The interpretation of the ambiguous pattern depends on which unambiguous interpretation was shown.
Based on research demonstrating the possibility of perceiving "forbidden colours", what conclusion(s) can be drawn?
participants are unable to perceive combinations of opponent colours
colour opponency in the brain has a softwired stage that can be disabled
colour opponency is hardwired in the brain and unmalleable
when colours are presented in side-by-side fields of unequal luminance, combinations of opponent colours can be perceived
A rabbit sees a predator running towards him from the side, and hops out of the way. His ability to judge the trajectory of the predator is based on
monocular cues
texture interactions
elevation
the massive quantities of Easter eggs held in his basket
A high-quality narrow-band "yellow" filter (which only passes light in the range from 580 to 590 nm) looks identical to a broad-band "yellow" cellophane filter (which passes all lights longer than 500 nm) when they are each held in front of a white screen. A "blue" filter that only passes lights shorter than 500 nm is placed in front of a light source shining on the white screen (so that only "blue" light strikes the screen). You hold the "yellow" filters in front of your eyes (one at a time) and observe the "blue" screen; the screen now appears
"green" through either filter
"white" through either filter
"green" through the narrow-band filter, "white" through the broad-band filter
"green through the bread-band filter, "black" through the narrow-band filter.
"black" through the broad-band filter because of context, "green'"through the narrow filter
The ability to prime one version of an ambiguous picture (for example the duck/rabbit picture shown in class) is referred to as:
perceptual set
priming
non of the above
The idea of simultaneous contrast was proposed by Wallach and suggests that:
we process the overall contrast of the entire visual scene all at the same time
we compare the amount of light reflected by objects with the amount of light reflected by adjacent regions in the visual field
we process contrast based only on the nature of the illuminant
Retinex theory is wrong
The McCullough after-effect demonstrates
a short-lived complimentary colour afterimage
a long-lived contingent colour aftereffect that is orientation dependent
a short-lived, complimentary colour aftereffect that is orientation independent
the importance of visual and auditory cues to establish proper perceptions of mouth and phonetic sounds
combined orientation selectivity of the visual system with tonotopic organization of the auditory system
What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing?
Top-down processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented; bottom-up processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing
Top-down processing is the influence of higher cognitive factors on information processing; bottom-up processing is dependent upon the properties of the stimulus presented
Top-down processing is fast; bottom-up processing is slow
Top-down processing is always done in parallel; bottom-up processing is always serial
By considering each primary amount as a proportion of the total energy
you can develop a colour space with a unit plane that represents luminance
you can eliminate negative primary amounts in a metameric colour match
you can normalize all amounts to a known standard "white" reference light
you can collapse one of the three primary axes to covert into a 2-dimensional matching space
Burr (1987) explored the way in which the apparent brightness of bar centres changed at higher contrast, and concluded that the following two systems operate
the magnocellular system operates best at high contrast, while the parvocellular system operates best at contrast less than 10%
at low contrast brightness is matched, at high contrast here is a contrast dependent system
at low contrasts there is a contrast-dependent system, and at high contrast, brightness is matched
In Marr's Computational Algorithm of vision, a zero-crossing is:
a spatial change in intensity in an image
characterized by the second derivative of sudden changes in intensity
the basis for the raw primal sketch
In the class demonstration on depth, while you looked at the yellow box on the screen your finger appeared coupled. This is due to
crossed diplopia
uncrossed diplopia
fused, crossed disparity
fused, uncrossed disparity
The tympanic membrane
funnels sound toward the malleus
is at the end of the external auditory canal
is where sound waves are transducer into a neural signal
is the interior boundary of the inner ear
is where you get 20x amplification necessary t push the stapes into the oval window
Auditory cortical evoked responses can be used to analyze neural activity at various regions along the central auditory pathway. The late cortical responses known as P1/N1 can be used as a measure of:
the early neural synchrony of the brainstem
auditory cortical maturity
a comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral auditory pathways
In the Forbidden Colours assigned reading, why was it important for the researchers to track participant eye positions and use mirrors?
So that participants could remain aware of their focal point
to keep the colour field stabilized, and thus frozen in place on the participant's retina
to keep track of which part of the colour field the participant was looking at during the experiment
all of the above were important reasons
The researchers did not use mirrors
What would be the advantage of a rabbit having its eyes on the sides of its head as opposed to having both eyes face forward?
It would give the rabbit better size constancy
It would give the rabbit better depth perception
It would give the rabbit a wider field of vision
It would give the rabbit better colour perception
Why is it important to use two colour fields of equal luminance when trying to see forbidden hues?
Merged fields of unequal luminance would appear desaturated
This protocol minimizes 'flickering'
This protocol enhances contrast sensitivity
None of the above, the fields should have difference luminance levels
The main problem with Gestalt psychology is that
it does not account for many perceptual phenomena
they are not really laws, but more like heuristics
it is inconsistent with the step-wise approach of visual neural systems
When moving towards an object while fixating on it, objects that are in the periphery will
undergo greater displacement if they are closer to the fixation point
undergo less displacement if they are further away from the fixation point
undergo greater disparity if they are further from the fixation point
The nodal point is
found just behind the cornea and is the source for all corneal reflections
critical for shape constancy
a hypothetical focal plane that represents a thin lens power equivalent for the eye
the actual power position of a thick lens system that ensures proper retinal focus
By definition, one sone is equal to
the loudness sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
the frequency sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.
the frequency sensation produced by a 4000 Hz tone at 10 dB SPL.
the loudness sensation produced by a 1000 Hz tone at 40 dB SPL.
The way to have an additive mixture of colours using paints is to
make sure the coloured areas are very small to achieve assimilation
have all coloured areas very large to achieve chromatic induction
use only desaturated colours to simulate light from the sun
superimpose narrow-band interference filters to get such mixed colour effects as 'green'
When switching between two colours very rapidly produces the least impression of "flickering" to a participant, those two colours are likely to be
opponents
more different in contrast
on opposite ends of the wavelength spectrum
equiluminant
more different in saturation
The critical component to understanding speech is
The cochlear spectral analysis of the frequencies contained in a speech sample
The temporal envelope of a speech sample
The fine frequency details contained in a speech sample
Consider the two images (real bunny and ambiguous bunny/duck) below. If I first show you image A, you will be more likely to see a bunny than a duck in the ambiguous figure in image B. Why?
Context
Prior learning & experience
Top-down processing
All of the above
What do the authors of the Forbidden Colours reading mean when they refer to "reddish-green"?
A muddy brown that might result from mixing red and green paints
The yellow that comes from combining red and green light
A single colour that looks both reddish and greenish at the same time, in the same place
The texture of a pointillist's field of equal numbers of red and green dots
The effect that a complex wave produces on the basilar membrane is that
all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at progressively increasing distances from each other
the fundamental frequency is represented towards the base, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the apex
the fundamental frequency is represented towards the apex, with each successive harmonic being represented towards the base
all of the harmonics produce their peak undulations at the fundamental frequency
In the Retinex theory, lightness is
built up from the ratios of luminances at various borders
Studies that examine perceptual breakdowns involving forbidden colours and biased geometric hallucinations are important because...
they provide a window into the phenomenon of visual opponency
they provide insight into acquired injuries that cause achromatopsia
they might lead to the development of tests for macular degeneration
In the colour circle, colours that are more saturated are
low on the vertical axis of the circle
on the periphery of the circle
high on the vertical axis of the circle
in the centre of the circle
The Weber constant for sound intensity discrimination is
constant across a broad range of intensities
lower at high intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
higher at low intensities and gradually declines as intensity increases
Upon discovering a bug in an ear canal, a hearing health care clinical should
spray the ear with disinfectant
calmly reassure the patient and remove the bug if possible
calmly leave the room and call a physician
cry out in alarm and quickly leave the room
What is the effect on perception when a shaw cast on paper is outlined with a pencil?
The shadow appears lighter because the pencil line is dark by comparison
There is no effect on perceived lightness because the pencil line is a very minor part of the pattern on the retina
The shadow appears darker
Simultaneous contrast dictates that the shadow would appear lighter
Characterizing the intensity of a stimulus in isolation is referred to as
saturation estimation
chroma
related hue compliments
Although the physical spectrum of a particular stimulus will produce a distinct hue
a specific hue is always associated with a unique physical spectrum
a small number of different spectra will produce the same hue
a specific hue is not necessarily associated with a unique physical spectrum
Chroma can be influenced by
wavelength
lightness
Normal cochlear function and abnormal neural patterns in the auditory brainstem can be detected in infants using otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response tests. This condition is known as:
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder
Auditory dyssynchrony
Auditory pattern disorder
Connexin 26 is a genetic inheritance that causes hearing loss in children. Cx26 is expressed in the stria vascular and acts by:
affecting the recycling of calcium, thereby causing inner hair cell death
altering potassium homeostasis, thereby affecting the electrochemical potential generation
depleting the gap junction at the spatial ganglion, preventing action potential of the cochlea
increasing outer hair cell response, which generates large otoacoustic emissions
The rate at which the _____ opens and closes is primarily responsible for the fundamental frequency of the voice signals
lips
trachea
larynx
glottis
The fact that there is some 'redness' in the appearance of short-wavelength 'violet' light points to the fact that
there is some S-cone contribution to the r-g channel
there is some S-cone contributions to M+L 'yellow' side of the y-b channel
opponency doesn't really work
there is temporal sluggishness to the chromatic opponent channels
S cones are really manifestations of later evolved rods
A narrow psychological tuning curve means that
the internal filter has a high degree of intensity selectivity
the internal filter has a high degree of frequency selectivity
the internal filter has a low degree of intensity selectivity
the internal filter has a low degree of frequency selectivity
Which of the following colour phenomena is best explained by the trichromatic theory?
metametic matches
afterimages
colour mixing of red and green
yellow as a primary
Studies using cortical imaging have suggested that the auditory cortex will become involved in with visual stimuli when:
the auditory system is not stimulated appropriately at an early age
auditory and visual stimuli are coordinated in the McGurk Effect
cochlear implants are used
the auditory cortex is involved in auditory localization activity
In order to make a proper assessment of colour constancy for a given object, regardless of radical changes in the colour signal entering the eye, one must assume
proportional changes in the surface reflectance properties for different wavelenghts
there are changes in the cone spectral sensitivities in the eye based on "cone" counts
there are changes in the illuminant emitting different photons falling on the objects surface
there is illuminant invariance
The equal loudness contour shows that
progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high
progressively lower intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness as frequencies move toward the extreme ends of the spectrum
progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become high or low
progressively higher intensities are needed to achieve equal loudness perception as frequencies become low
an object must be maintained at the same orientation to identify it
In an "unstructured filled" when there is no structure or form to give cues to size or distance of objects
objects are easily identifies as the same size despite subtending different visual angles
subjects are more likely to obey the law of constant visual angle
two identical objects may appear to differ in size when arranged at two different distances
a and b
Early studies of the acoustic cues that are important in deciphering the speech signal revealed that
we need higher frequencies to identify vowel sounds and lower frequencies to identify consonants
we need more detailed frequency information to understand most speech sounds
our auditory system is capable of understanding many speech sounds with only a limited amount of frequency information
None of the above.
Rarefaction occurs when
air pressure decreases
air molecules move away from each other
air molecules compress
air pressure increases
Tempo refers to
the perceptual organization of a melodic sequence based on temporal grouping of musical tones
a sequence of musical tones that forms a succession of pitches in musical time
the pattern of pitch changes as a function of time
the perceived speed of presentation of musical notes in a melodic sequence
According to colour contrast, colours look more vivid when they're surrounded by...
"black"
"grey"
"white"
their complimentary colour
When a complex tone that is made up of an orderly set of harmonic components is listened to, the listener perceives
a single tone that corresponds to the average frequency of all the tones
a single tone that corresponds to the fundamental frequency
the individual tones in harmony
white noise
subtractive colour mixing predicts that sunlight is white.
white light is the only colour reflected by the sun
Sounds that have a frequency below 20Hz
are called infrasonic
are never perceptible to humans
are called ultrasonic
Which of the following is NOT an X-linked congenital colour vision defect?
Protanomalous trichromat
Protanopia
Deuteranopia
Tritanopia
Deuteranomalous trichromat
chlrorolabe-containing photoreceptors
Why might the magno system respond both to movement and to the many cues used to judge distance and spatial relations?
Because the magno system can detect equiluminant parts and organize them into wholes
Because the magno system can combine the visual properties of an object in a way that enables it to perceive the image as a whole, thereby freeing the parvo system to see details
Because the magno system has a higher acuity than the parvo system
Because the magno system is also sensitive at detecting an object's borders
Because the magno system differentiates the object whole from its surface properties
According to zone theories that combine trichromacy with opponency, MWS and LWS cone activity can signal for
both luminance and chromatic r-g channels.
both luminance and chromatic y-b channels
both r-g and y-b channels.
luminance, r-g, and y-b channels.
chromatic r-g channels.
