Describe the position of the heart within the mediastinum
thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
Select Three functions of the CVS
• Assists the production of the digestive and absorbtion system
• Transports fluids, nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body.
• Exchange materials between blood, cells and extracellular fluid.
• Plays a role in the immune response, blood pressure and the regulation of body temperature.
• Maintains optimal body temperature
Select Four components which comprise of the CVS
heart
blood
capillary beds
blood vessels
lungs
larynx
Select Five components the CVS transports
fluids
hormones
gases
waste products
nutrients
urine
chyne
Select Five functions of the Heart
• Generating blood pressure – moves blood through vessels
• Changes to match need ie. exercise, sleeping
• Regulating blood supply
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
• Routing blood: separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
• Regulates hormones
The Heart – 2 pumps in 1 which are: (select two)
Coronal circulation
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Adrenal circulation
The shape of the heart consists of: ❌: Blunt rounded point of cone ❌: Flat part at opposite of end of cone
The pericardial myocardium( pericardial, myocardium ) sac has two layers, a serous parietal( serous, parietal ) layer and a fibrous phrenic( fibrous, phrenic ) layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial plasma( pericardial, plasma ) fluid.
The Serous Fibrous( Serous, Fibrous ) portion of Pericardium, consists of two three( two, three ) layers, visceral inner( visceral, inner ) and parietal myocardial( parietal, myocardial ). The space between the layers is the pericardial cavity.
The Visceral Serous pericardium is situated to the Myocardium Epicardium Endocardium( Myocardium, Epicardium, Endocardium ) of the Heart.
Walls of the Heart:
Three layers of tissue - 1. ❌ : Serous membrane; smooth outer surface of heart 2. ❌ : Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cells – contractility 3. ❌ : Smooth inner surface of heart chambers
The Endocardium is the smooth inner surface of heart chambers
❌ : muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall ❌ : muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
Trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
Pectinate muscles: muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall
Pectinate muscles: muscular ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles
Walls of the Heart Diagram:
1. ❌ 2. ❌ 3. ❌ 4. ❌ 5. ❌ 6. ❌
The Heart chambers:
❌: openings between atria and respective ventricles ❌: opens to pulmonary trunk ❌: opens to aorta – very muscular wall. ❌: between the two ventricles.
Right ventricle: opens to pulmonary trunk
Atrioventricular valves: openings between atria and their respective ventricles
Left ventricle: opens to aorta – very muscular wall
Blood Vessels - overview.
❌ : Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles Take blood away from the heart Contain blood under pressure ❌ : site of exchange with tissues (interstitial fluid)
❌ : Large, medium, small, venules Take blood to the heart Thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue less smooth muscle Valves to prevent backflow
Blood vessel diagram:
1. ❌ 2. ❌ 3. ❌
Blood Vessels – arteries & veins:
- ❌: Endothelium - ❌: smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel. - ❌: smooth muscles contract, decrease in blood flow - ❌: smooth muscles relax, increase in blood flow - ❌: connective tissue
Select Five functions of blood
Clot formation
Protection against foreign substances
Maintenance of body temperature
Regulation of pH and osmosis (normal pH 7.4)
Transport: gases, nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, hormones, enzymes
Absorption of nutrients
Blood consists of 55% 50%( 55%, 50% ) Plasma and 45% 55%( 45%, 55% ) formed elements
Plasma consists of 7% 91%( 7%, 91% ) Proteins, 91% 7%( 91%, 7% ) Water and 2% 7%( 2%, 7% ) Other solutes
The Proteins in Plasma consist of (select Three)
Albumins 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%
Neutrophils 4%
Other solutes in Blood consist of (select Five)
Ions
Nutrients
Waste products
Gases
Regulatory substances
Globulins
Neutrophils
Hemoglobin is a
protein which attaches to Oxygen
carbohydrate which attaches to Oxygen
Cardiac cycle –
❌ - contraction of the ventricles, causes the ejection of blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
❌ – when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood, to refill each atrium and each ventricle
Stroke volume - the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one contraction
The heart can can't( can, can't ) generate it’s own action potentials.
The Sinoatrial node (SA) node is the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium left atrium( right atrium, left atrium ).
Atrioventricular node Sinoatrial node( Atrioventricular node, Sinoatrial node ): The electrical relay station between the upper and lower chambers of the heart. The AV SA( AV, SA ) node, which controls the heart rate, sends electrical signals from the atria which must pass through the AV SA( AV, SA ) node to reach the ventricles.
The mode of Capillary exchange is via Diffusion Osmosis( Diffusion, Osmosis )
Left Atrium: one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs
Right atrium: one of the four chambers of the heart, located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the inferior and superior vena cava.
Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the inferior and superior vena cava.
The Fibrous pericardium: tough fibrous outer layer, prevents over distention; acts as anchor.
Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous epithelium. - Parietal pericardium: lines the fibrous outer layer - Visceral pericardium: covers heart surface
Serous pericardium: thin, transparent, inner layer, simple squamous epithelium. - Visceral pericardium: lines the fibrous outer layer - Parietal pericardium: covers heart surface
The aortic valve is a valve in the human heart between the left ventricle and the aorta.
The bicuspid valve is a valve in the human heart between the left ventricle and the aorta.
The pulmonic valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. It is located in the right ventricle of the heart.
The tricuspid valve forms the boundary between the right ventricle and the right atrium.
The tricuspid valve forms the boundary between the left ventricle and the left atrium.
The bicuspid valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
REMEMBER THIS FOR VALVES: This Assists Pushing Blood (from left to right)
Valves of the Heart:
1. ❌ 2. ❌ 3. ❌ 4. ❌
What is number 1 on the diagram?
Tricuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
What is number 2 on the diagram?
What is number 3 on the diagram?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
What is number 4 on the diagram?
Bicuspid valve
The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart.
Tunica External is the external layer of the artery wall
The SA node is the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium
The NV node is the heart's natural pacemaker. The NV node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium
The AV node, which controls the heart rate, is one of the major elements in the cardiac conduction system. The AV node serves as an electrical relay station, slowing the electrical current sent by the sinoatrial (SA) node before the signal is permitted to pass down through to the ventricles.
Tunica externa (adventitia): connective tissue
Tunica intima: smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel.
Tunica media: Endothelium
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