Explain the term: Clinical infection
Infections with signs and symptoms
Infection with pathogen but no symptoms
Explain the term: Sub-clinical infection
Explain the term: Iatrogenic infection
From a medical practitioner / intervention (hospital)
Confined to one area of body
How are respiratory infections transmitted? Select Two answers
• Droplets (cough-sneeze) • Saliva • Soil-dust • water aerosols
Respiratory-salivary route - Sneezing propels mucus droplets from the respiratory mucosa, transmitting flu or cold viruses to a new host.
Contact transmission - (direct & indirect physical contact)
Zoonoses is a term used for what kind of disease?
• Direct animal-to-human • Animal-vector-human • Human-vector-human
• Direct animal-to-human • Animal- faecal-oral-human • Human-respiratory route-human
Explain the term: Endemic
– Disease present in a community (region) all the time, usually only clinical in a few
– Wide spread disease within a community (region), affecting many people but only occasionally present
Explain the term: Epidemic
Explain the term: Pandemic
– Wide spread epidemic, not confined to a single community or region (more than one continent)
Explain the term: Sporadic
Widely scattered disease, occurring singly, irregularly, infrequently
Wide spread epidemic, not confined to a single community or region (more than one continent)
What is “Epidemiology”?
deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of dermatological diseases and other factors relating to skin care.
Explain the difference between Morbidity and Mortality
• Morbidity – Number made ill by infective agent • Mortality – Number of deaths caused by infective agent
• Morbidity – Number of deaths caused by infective agent • Mortality – Number made ill by infective agent
Explain the difference between Incidence and Prevalence
• Incidence – Number of new cases over specific period • Prevalence – Number of cases (infected or diseased) at a given time (old and new cases)
• Incidence – Number of cases (infected or diseased) at a given time (old and new cases) • Prevalence – Number of new cases over specific period
What factors influence the spread of disease in a community? Select Three answers
• Virulence of the pathogen
• Population susceptibility
• Pathogen transmission mode
• Education and awareness campaigns to the general public
List four ways of preventing the spread of disease in a community.
• Immunization
• Health personnel and community workers
• Educate the public
• Proper treatment of water supplies
• Complete segregation by class
Which disease of the following disease type would most likely spread quickly through the Perth community and why?
Respiratory disease
Sexually transmitted disease
Gastroenteritis
What are the two branches of the immune system?
Innate and Adaptive
Direct and Indirect
How does skin protect against bacteria?
Intact external barrier, NF, secretions
Normal flora eradicates the majority of bacteria
What white blood cells (WBC) types are phagocytic? Select Four
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
T cells
What type of white blood cell (WBC) is mainly involved in the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes
eosinophils
What antibody types are involved in the primary immune response?
B Cells and antibody is IgM (Immunoglobulin M)
B Cells and antibody is IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
What antibody types are involved in the secondary immune response?
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
IgM (Immunoglobulin M)
What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
Two populations of T cells involved: – Cytotoxic T cells (TC) – Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
Two populations of B cells involved: – Cytotoxic B cells (BC) – Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
List the ways antibodies fight infection
• Antigens stimulate the generation of antibodies • Antibodies have specific binding (variable region) regions to specific antigens
• Antigens stimulate the generation of lymphocytes • Antibodies have specific binding (variable region) regions to specific antigens
List the antibody isotypes
• IgG – Monomer, most abundant in serum – largest amount, long term immunity, can cross placenta
• IgA – Monomer in serum, dimer in saliva and secretions, most abundant total – saliva and mucosal surfaces, tear, nasal fluids, milk
• IgM – Pentamer, primary response – first Ab to appear during an infection
• IgE – Monomer, stem binds mast cells, basophils and eosinophils causing release if granules – anti-parasite, allergy
• IgD – Monomer, attached to B cells, antigen receptor for activation – largest Ab - Ag receptor on B cells
• IgR – Monomer, most abundant in serum – largest amount, long term immunity, can cross placenta
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation and how do they come about?
pain
heat
swelling
redness,
initiation of Chemical Mediators such as Increased vaso-dilation and increased capillary permeability
fever
initiation of Chemical Mediators such as Increased vaso-constriction and decreased capillary permeability
nausea
