According to Norman and Shallice Schema Control Units,
Are linked by excitatory connections
Represent competing responses
Are used for executive functions
Represent units in the primary visual cortex
The "Cartesian Theatre" was a term coined by Daniel Dennet to criticise the explanation of,
Self-motivation in goal directed behaviour
Consciousness in psychology of vision
Free-will in religion
Social responsibility in Social Psychology
In Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) the homunculus can be seen as directly responsible for,
Attention
Binding
Task Shifting
Forgetting
According to libertarian accounts, the fact that a person often makes choices proves,
nothing about whether a person has free-will
the physical motivations do not control the will
that the person has no physical motivations
that the person has free-will
A person who has little planning ability is likely to,
start late
finish late
get up late
go to bed late
In Shiffrin & Schneider (1977)
rehearsal is used for consolidation of long-term memory
controlled processes are effortful
sensory memory precedes short-term memory
controlled processes follow consistent practice
An automatic process is generally understood to be,
conscious
inconsistent
rapid
reflexive
According to neurocognitive models depicting the dorsal and the ventral streams, the latter
underlies automatic visuomotor performance
underlies controlled visuomotor performance
has further projections onto the prefrontal cortex
has further projections onto the limbic system
In visual search tasks, a steep slope relating Reaction Times and distractor set size would be expected when searching for
an E among Fs
a blue letter among red ones
an O among Xs
A small letter among big ones
Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Erikson & Donchin (1988), demonstrated that irrelevant and never executed responses can activate up the,
primary visual area
temporal cortex
primary motor cortex
prefrontal cortex
Contention Scheduling is, for Norman and Shallice (1986)
a mechanism to resolve competition
a mechanism to exert goal-directed control
a property of the perceptual system
a property of the supervisory attentional system
Automatic Processes are important to,
prevent errors
plan actions
improve speed
deal with difficulties
A person who has difficulties getting washed and dressed in the morning, despite being able to do so when prompted, is likely to present a problem with
set shifting
inhibition
action initiation
self-evaluation
Descartes agreed with Plato on the understanding that the mind (or soul),
lives in the world of ideas
influenced by the body
is not limited by the body
was located in the Pineal Gland
A person spends hours playing games on the mobile phone. Which of the executive functions is the least likely to be affected?
set-shifting
Which syndrome is unlikely to display anosognosia?
schizophrenia
alzheimer
OCD
Huntington
What would be a good test of Action Initiation
Verbal Fluency
Tower of London
Task Switching
Go, No-Go
Action Initiation is mostly mediated by,
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Motor Cortex
Dopamine is mainly involved in,
mood
reward
memory
perception
Bradyphrenia is the term referring to a common condition following neurological damage where the patient demonstrates
inability to stop an action once initiated
inability to stop tics or repetitive movements
slow reactions to stimuli
slow generation of thoughts
A person who tends to tell the end of the joke before the introduction is likely to have problems with
goal activation
For Besner, Stolz, and Boutilier (1997), the Stroop effect was eliminated by,
Increasing the amount of practice
reducing the size of the target letter
colouring only one letter in the word
chaining the position of the letters
Haynes, Sakai, Rees, Gilbert, Frith, & Passingham (2007) found specific activation of different task goals before they were even executed in which area of the prefrontal cortex?
Orbitofrontal
Inferiofrontal
Medial
Lateral
How would you measure of a patient has problems with goal activation
Verbal fluency
Wisconsin Card Sort Test
Hampshire, MacDonald & Owen (2013) found that retired American Football players showed under-activiaion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following which test?
Damage to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to induce,
echolia
hyperflexia
low self-care
anxiety
In the stop-signal paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
before the target
after the target
at the same time as the target
in these tasks there is no target
A person with goal activation problems will also demonstrate difficulties with,
self-regulation
impulse control
Aharoni et al (2013) could predict the chance of future rearrests for non-violent crimes by studying the activity of a particular brain area in the go no-go task. Which area are we referring to?
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
In Monchi et al's (2001) study, the authors tried to dissociate a number of processes using fMRI and the WCST. Which condition was used to measure set shifting?
Negative Feedback
Matching after negative feedback
Positive Feedback
Matching after positive feedback
In the alternating runs paradigm (Rogers & Monsell, 1995), the estimation of switch costs (switch minus repeat) does not measure differences in,
task set configuration
rule maintenance
rule activation
In the Go-No Go task, the strongest response inhibition should be seen when participants successfully withhold responses in which condition?
20% Go, 80% No-Go
50% Go, 50% No-Go
80% Go, 20% No-Go
20% Go, 20% No-Go
The error related negativity component (ERN/Me) peaks approximately at 100ms,
after incorrect response activation
after target onset
before incorrect response activation
before the target onset
To which ability to we refer when evaluating and self-monitoring?
inhibit responses
inhibit impulses
detect when an error has been made
detect when the context is inappropriate
Awareness of an error can be measured by which ERP component?
P300
Ne
Pe
P200
During perseverations, participants are often,
not aware of the change in the rule
aware of the new rule that needs to be applied, but not able to switch
aware that they made a mistake, but unable to retrieve the new rule
not aware of the alternative rules
Monchi et al (2001) studied some process dissociations within the Winconsisn Card Sort Test using fMRI. Where did they find activation related to the processing of the cue to switch?
Left Posterior Parietal Cortex
Left Inferotemporal Cortex
Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Mixing Costs do not measure
vigilance
working memory
planning
Impulses and Reflexes are similar in many of the aspects listed below. Choose the option that does not apply
They are automatic
They can be unconscious
They are driven by emotions
They are processed fast
For compatibilists accounts the relationship between free-will and determinism is,
free-will is possible and physical determinism is true
free-will is possible and physical determinism is false
free-will is impossible and physical determinism is true
free-will is impossible and physical determinism is false
Impulsive behaviours are characterised by prioritising
long-term goals over short-term goals
short-term goals over long-term goals
relieve over regret
reward over punishment
ADHD does not normally co-exist in the same patient with which of the following syndromes
Bipolar Disorder
Depression
Antisocial Behaviour
Psychotic Behaviour
Increased levels of addiction gradually induce
an overactive ventrolateral cortex
an under-active orbitofrontal cortex
increased in dopamine
increases in GABA
Most of the actions driven by emotions are executed by a network of brain areas commonly knows at the "zombie brain". Which of the following brain areas is not part of it?
Thalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Utilisation behaviours related to which other syndrome?
Hyperkinesia
Tourette
Echolia
ADHD
Non-adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
objects and no context
objects and context
context, but no objects
neither objects nor contexts; but memory contents
In which kind of lesion is a patient most prone to develop anosognosia
left hemisphere
right hemisphere
subcortical nuclei
amygdala
The error related positivity (Pe) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes
Frontopolar
Centroparietal
Frontocentral
Parietal
Which of the following test is the most appropriate to evaluate response inhibition (the non-emotional type)?
Wisconsin Card Sorting test
Go No-Go task
Iowa Gambling Task
From the following list, which of these executive functions is least likely to be modulated by Broca?
Response inhibition
Set Shifting
Action initiation
Self-Monitoring
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the positive feedback (cue to repeat)?
right mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
left posterior prefrontal cortex
lateral premotor cortex
ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after the negative feedback (switch)?
right mid-dorsolateral PFC
Lateral premotor cortex
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
During Monchi et al's (2001) study. Where did they find activation related to the matching after positive feedback (repeat)?
In the Go-No Go paradigm, when does the stop signal normally appear?
Adaptive utilisation behaviour occurs when the response is triggered by,
object and context
neither objects not contexts, but memory contents
The error related negativity (Ne) is mostly captured in which set of electrodes?
Fronto-polar
Centro-parietal
Front-central
